留日士官生与中国军事思想近代化（1894-1924）

发布时间：2018-09-14 08:18

【摘要】： 鸦片战争前,中国军事思想依然停留在中世纪状态,传统的军事思想仍然占统治地位。在漫长的中国古代社会,曾经产生过辉煌的军事思想。以《孙子》等古代优秀兵书,总结了封建时代战争的许多基本规律,但它透露的军事思想,却都是小农经济下大国争霸和王朝战争的产物。二千多年来陈陈相因,没有新的跃进。而十九世纪的西方,军事思想有着绝然不同的面貌。西方资产阶级军事思想体系日渐形成,并出现了著名的代表人物,如:拿破仑、克劳塞维茨及马汉等。西方的军事思想不仅揭示了战争的基本规律,还建立了一整套新的军事原则及战术体系。鸦片战争到洋务运动前夕,中国军事思想的近代化处于萌芽阶段。鸦片战争,打破了中国军事思想几千年闭锁停滞的局面。以林则徐、魏源为代表的地主阶级先进分子及洋务派,通过反思,提出了“师夷长技以制夷”、“中体西用”的反侵略军事主张。这些主张为中国近代军事思想的萌芽提供了契机。明治维新前,西方军事思想已开始在日本的传播,中国在鸦片战争中的惨败, 使日本朝野看到西方侵略者的坚船利炮所显示的巨大威力,此时西方军事思想也随之潮水般涌进日本。日本明治维新为日本资产阶级军事思想的产生开辟了道路。期间,德国克劳塞维茨的《战争论》、马汉的《海权论》等对日本军事思想近代化产生了深刻影响。近代军事思想武装下的日本在扩张战争中一度处于优势地位,如:甲午战争、日俄战争等。清军在中日甲午战争中的惨败,暴露了先进装备与落后军制间的尖锐矛盾,显现了训练、教育、战术和官兵军事素质方面的严重不足。不少有识之士,纷纷赴日本学习军事,留日士官生群体由此形成,以蔡锷、蒋百里为代表的留日士官生主张摒弃旧军制,建立新军制,仿效日本精学西法的经验,来增强国力、兵力。留日士官生的建军思想对中国军事思想近代化产生了决定性的影响,1924年,黄埔军校的建立标志着中国资产阶级军事思想的最终确立。
[Abstract]:Before the Opium War, China's military thought remained in the Middle Ages, and the traditional military thought still dominated. In the long ancient Chinese society, once produced brilliant military thought. The ancient excellent army books such as Sun Tzu summed up many basic laws of the feudal war, but the military thought it revealed was the product of the great country fighting for hegemony and the dynastic war under the small peasant economy. For more than two thousand years, Chen Xiangyin has made no new leap forward. In the West of the nineteenth century, military thought had a very different face. The western bourgeois military thought system gradually formed, and appeared famous representative figures, such as Napoleon, Clausewitz, Mahan and so on. Western military thought not only reveals the basic law of war, but also establishes a set of new military principles and tactics system. On the eve of the Opium War and the Westernization Movement, the modernization of Chinese military thought was in its infancy. The Opium War broke thousands of years of stagnation in China's military thinking. The advanced elements of the landlord class represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, and the Westernization school, through reflection, put forward the anti-aggression military idea of "master the long technique to control the Yi" and "use it in the west". These ideas provided an opportunity for the germination of modern Chinese military thought. Before the Meiji Restoration, Western military thought had begun to spread in Japan, and China's tragic defeat in the Opium War made the Japanese government and opposition see the great power shown by the strong boat and artillery of the Western aggressors. At this time, Western military thoughts also poured into Japan. The Meiji Restoration of Japan opened the way for the emergence of Japanese bourgeois military thought. During this period, Krausewitz's War Theory and Mahan's Sea Power Theory had a profound influence on the modernization of Japanese military thought. Japan, armed by modern military ideology, was once in a dominant position in the war of expansion, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese-Russian War. The tragic defeat of the Qing army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 exposed the sharp contradiction between advanced equipment and the backward military system, and revealed serious deficiencies in training, education, tactics and the military quality of officers and soldiers. Many people of insight went to Japan one after another to study military affairs, thus forming a group of non-commissioned students studying in Japan. The non-commissioned students, represented by Cai E and Jiang Baili, advocated abandoning the old military system, establishing a new military system, and emulating Japan's experience in studying Western law, in order to enhance its national strength. Strength. The thought of building the army of the non-commissioned officers in Japan had a decisive influence on the modernization of Chinese military thought. In 1924, the establishment of the Whampoa military Academy marked the final establishment of the Chinese bourgeois military thought.
【学位授予单位】：江西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K256;E295

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