近代东北中俄边界管理研究（1858-1931）
发布时间：2018-10-12 19:00
【摘要】：早前的俄国本是一个内陆国家与我国相隔甚远,自16世纪以后不断向外扩张兼并邻国,到17世纪两国才有接触,当时清朝正值盛世,打败了俄国侵略军,双方划定了边界,以外兴安岭至海为界。数百年间中俄边界相安无事,但沙俄的侵略野心并未消失,伺机而动意欲侵占东方。19世纪的鸦片战争使沙俄认识到清朝的衰败,自此便不断派兵入侵黑龙江。面对沙俄的入侵,如何保卫边疆,守护边界是本文研究的重点。本文主要从三部分进行论述:第一部分为中俄边界的形成。面对沙俄强有力的入侵,清政府一时无力应对被迫签订了不平等条约。双方重新划定了边界,中国丧失了150多万领土,但沙俄并不满足,对中国边界不断蚕食,以实际占领为手段,以谈判为目的,不断窃取中国领土。趁勘界之机,曲解边界条约内容,私挪界碑,致使中国边界不断内缩。沙俄的侵略行径激发了国人的主权意识,中方开始加强边界的管理。第二部分为边界管理的具体措施。东北地区中俄边界主要由黑龙江将军、吉林将军管理,以后虽有变化,但都是黑龙江、吉林两省的军政首脑负责。对边界的直接管理为卡伦官兵,其负责守边、巡边、监督来往人员、收集情报等职责。随着移民实边政策的开展,沿边的卡伦也具有了行政职能。中俄双方出入境需要有“护照”即路票或路引,对于无照者禁止进入。边境纠纷中央由总理各国事物衙门以及以后的外务部处理,地方上为交涉员与俄交涉。仅靠卡伦难以维护边界地区的稳定,巡边和驻军增强了边界防御的实力。中俄间还开展了边界贸易,以换取所需。边界贸易的发展,一定程度上带动了沿边地区的开发。第三部分为边界管理的问题和现实经验。清政府为应对国内冲突,不断从东北调兵,造成东北空虚,边界防御能力降低。在加上对东北不够重视,给沙俄可乘之机,大片领土被沙俄侵略。民国时期中央权力较小,地方纷争不断,对边界的管理也无大的改变。告诉我们只有强有力的中央政府才能维护边界安全。在当代要以国家为后盾,支持边疆建设。加强军队的训练,提高防御能力。在保卫边界的同时还要利用好边界,积极进行中俄间的经济合作,为振兴东北创造条件。
[Abstract]:Earlier Russia was a landlocked country far away from China. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly expanding and annexing neighboring countries. Only in the 17th century did the two countries come into contact. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was in its prime, defeating the Russian invading army and drawing the border between the two sides. Outside the Xingan Mountains to the sea for the boundary. For hundreds of years the Sino-Russian border was at peace, but Czarist aggression did not disappear, seeking opportunities to invade the East. The Opium War of the 19th century made Russia realize the decline of the Qing Dynasty, and since then it has continuously sent troops to invade Heilongjiang. In the face of Russian invasion, how to defend the frontier and guard the border is the focus of this paper. This paper mainly discusses from three parts: the first part is the formation of the border between China and Russia. In the face of Russia's strong invasion, the Qing government was unable to deal with the forced signing of unequal treaties. The two sides have redrawn the border, and China has lost more than 1.5 million territories, but Russia is not satisfied with it. It is constantly nibbling at China's border, using actual occupation as a means and for the purpose of negotiation, and constantly stealing Chinese territory. On the occasion of border demarcation, the contents of the border treaty were misinterpreted and the boundary pillars were moved privately, which led to the constant contraction of the Chinese border. Russia's aggression aroused the Chinese people's sense of sovereignty, China began to strengthen the management of the border. The second part is the concrete measures of boundary management. The border between China and Russia in Northeast China is mainly managed by General Heilongjiang and General Jilin. Although there will be changes in the future, they are the heads of military and political affairs of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. The direct management of the border for Karen officers and soldiers, it is responsible for border guard, patrol, supervision of people, intelligence gathering duties. With the development of immigration policy, Karen along the border also has an administrative function. China and Russia need to have a "passport", that is, road ticket or route guide, for those who do not have a license to enter. Border disputes are handled by the prime minister and the foreign ministry, where the negotiator negotiates with Russia. Karen alone can not maintain stability in the border area, border patrol and garrison enhanced the strength of the border defense. Border trade has also been carried out between China and Russia in exchange for what is needed. The development of border trade, to a certain extent, led to the development of border areas. The third part is the problems and practical experience of boundary management. In order to deal with the internal conflict, the Qing government constantly transferred troops from the northeast, resulting in emptiness in the northeast and reduced border defense capability. In addition to the lack of attention to the Northeast, give Czarist Russia the opportunity, a large part of the territory was invaded by Russia. In the period of the Republic of China, the central government had less power, local disputes continued, and the management of the border remained unchanged. Tell us that only a strong central government can maintain border security. In the contemporary era, the state should be the backing to support the construction of frontier areas. Strengthen the training of the army and improve its defense capability. While defending the border, we should make good use of the border, actively carry out economic cooperation between China and Russia, and create conditions for revitalizing the Northeast.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K25
本文编号：2267253
[Abstract]:Earlier Russia was a landlocked country far away from China. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly expanding and annexing neighboring countries. Only in the 17th century did the two countries come into contact. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was in its prime, defeating the Russian invading army and drawing the border between the two sides. Outside the Xingan Mountains to the sea for the boundary. For hundreds of years the Sino-Russian border was at peace, but Czarist aggression did not disappear, seeking opportunities to invade the East. The Opium War of the 19th century made Russia realize the decline of the Qing Dynasty, and since then it has continuously sent troops to invade Heilongjiang. In the face of Russian invasion, how to defend the frontier and guard the border is the focus of this paper. This paper mainly discusses from three parts: the first part is the formation of the border between China and Russia. In the face of Russia's strong invasion, the Qing government was unable to deal with the forced signing of unequal treaties. The two sides have redrawn the border, and China has lost more than 1.5 million territories, but Russia is not satisfied with it. It is constantly nibbling at China's border, using actual occupation as a means and for the purpose of negotiation, and constantly stealing Chinese territory. On the occasion of border demarcation, the contents of the border treaty were misinterpreted and the boundary pillars were moved privately, which led to the constant contraction of the Chinese border. Russia's aggression aroused the Chinese people's sense of sovereignty, China began to strengthen the management of the border. The second part is the concrete measures of boundary management. The border between China and Russia in Northeast China is mainly managed by General Heilongjiang and General Jilin. Although there will be changes in the future, they are the heads of military and political affairs of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. The direct management of the border for Karen officers and soldiers, it is responsible for border guard, patrol, supervision of people, intelligence gathering duties. With the development of immigration policy, Karen along the border also has an administrative function. China and Russia need to have a "passport", that is, road ticket or route guide, for those who do not have a license to enter. Border disputes are handled by the prime minister and the foreign ministry, where the negotiator negotiates with Russia. Karen alone can not maintain stability in the border area, border patrol and garrison enhanced the strength of the border defense. Border trade has also been carried out between China and Russia in exchange for what is needed. The development of border trade, to a certain extent, led to the development of border areas. The third part is the problems and practical experience of boundary management. In order to deal with the internal conflict, the Qing government constantly transferred troops from the northeast, resulting in emptiness in the northeast and reduced border defense capability. In addition to the lack of attention to the Northeast, give Czarist Russia the opportunity, a large part of the territory was invaded by Russia. In the period of the Republic of China, the central government had less power, local disputes continued, and the management of the border remained unchanged. Tell us that only a strong central government can maintain border security. In the contemporary era, the state should be the backing to support the construction of frontier areas. Strengthen the training of the army and improve its defense capability. While defending the border, we should make good use of the border, actively carry out economic cooperation between China and Russia, and create conditions for revitalizing the Northeast.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K25
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