清末查办藏事大臣张荫棠在藏“新政”之研究（1906-1907）
发布时间：2018-10-16 17:59
【摘要】：十九世纪末二十世纪初,地处我国西南边疆的神圣领土西藏频频遭受英俄两国的觊觎和侵略,形势岌岌可危。熟谙外交和西藏事务的张荫棠上书朝廷,详陈整顿藏务以御外侮的一系列主张,受到清廷重视,旋被委任为钦差大臣入藏“查办藏事”。作为清代第一位主持藏政的汉族官员,张荫棠虽名为“查办藏事”大臣,实际上行使的完全是驻藏大臣的职权,故张荫棠得以在藏事各领域推行全面的新政。自1905年赴印度谈判藏事起,到1908年代表中国与英国签订《中英修订藏印条约通商章程》,张荫棠关涉藏务长达两年多的时间。这中间的1906年10月到1907年5月,张荫棠颁发文件,设立机构,全面推行各项新政,是他实际主持西藏政务的时期。张荫棠在西藏推行的新政几乎是全方位的,涵盖了政治、军事、经济、社会、科教文卫以及对外交涉等各个领域,本文即从上述几个方面展开对张荫棠的研究,其主要内容如下： 绪论部分分析了本文选题的学术价值、回顾了对张荫棠相关研究的现状,并从理论、资料等方面拟定了该选题研究的可行方案。同时,指出本文研究的方法和学术创新之所在。 正文第一章是全文的背景部分,主要论述了张荫棠查办藏事的客观和主观原因。客观而言,对张荫棠受命查办藏事前西藏的形势和清廷破例委任汉族官员出任驻藏大臣的原因进行了分析。主观而言,指出张荫棠熟悉藏务、善于新政以及长期使外的经历是他被任命查办藏事的个人原因。 第二章主要考察张荫棠西藏新政的政治和军事措施,从惩治贪污腐败、主张官制改革、编练新式军队和筹办西藏警政等几个方面展开研究,指出收回清廷中央在西藏的军政大权是张荫棠查办藏事的核心内容。 第三章主要考察张荫棠西藏新政在经济、社会、科教文卫以及对外交涉等领域的举措,指出这些措施的推行有利于西藏的经济发展、社会进步以及文教卫生等各项事业的开展,还在诸多领域起到了开创性的作用。 第四章本章分析了张荫棠正准备在西藏大展宏图之时被清廷调离西藏,新政被迫中辍的原因,提出了不同于前人的观点。 第五章是本文的总结部分,即张荫棠西藏新政的综合评析。对张荫棠治藏功绩进行了概括,肯定其西藏新政的重大成就,指出其不尽人意之处,并列举后世学者对张荫棠的高度评价。最后通过对比分析,指出张荫棠作为驻藏大臣所独有的三个特点。 张荫棠的西藏新政全面而具体,开启了西藏迈向近代化的大门,为以后西藏的进步和发展打下了良好的基础。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Tibet, the sacred territory on the southwest frontier of China, was frequently coveted and invaded by Britain and Russia, and the situation was precarious. Zhang Yin-tang, who is familiar with foreign affairs and Tibet affairs, wrote to the court to elaborate a series of views on rectifying Tibetan affairs to resist foreign aggression. As the first Han official to preside over Tibetan affairs in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Yin-tang was named "investigating and handling Tibetan affairs", but what he actually exercised was the authority of the minister stationed in Tibet, so Zhang Yin-tong was able to carry out a comprehensive new deal in various fields of Tibetan affairs. Since he went to India to negotiate with Tibet in 1905 and signed the Sino-British Treaty of Commerce with Britain in 1908, Zhang Yin-tang has been involved in Tibetan affairs for more than two years. From October 1906 to May 1907, Zhang Yin-tong issued documents, set up institutions and comprehensively implemented various new policies, which was the period during which he actually presided over Tibetan government affairs. The New deal carried out by Zhang Yin-tang in Tibet is almost omni-directional, covering various fields such as politics, military, economic, social, scientific, educational, cultural, and foreign negotiations. The main contents are as follows: the introduction part analyzes the academic value of this topic, reviews the current situation of Zhang Yin-tong 's related research, and draws up the feasible scheme from the aspects of theory, data and so on. At the same time, this paper points out the research method and academic innovation. The first chapter is the background of the paper, mainly discusses the objective and subjective reasons of Zhang Yin-tang 's investigation. Objectively speaking, the situation of Tibet and the reasons why the Qing Dynasty appointed Han officials as ministers in Tibet were analyzed. Subjectively, it is pointed out that Zhang Yin-tong is familiar with Tibetan affairs, is good at new policies and has a long history of making foreign affairs, which is the personal reason why he was appointed to investigate and handle Tibetan affairs. The second chapter mainly examines the political and military measures of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in Tibet, and conducts research in several aspects, such as punishing corruption, advocating the reform of the official system, compiling and training new types of troops, and organizing the Tibetan police administration, and so on. It is pointed out that it is the core content of Zhang Yin-tang to take back the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty Central Committee in Tibet. The third chapter mainly examines the initiatives of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in the fields of economy, society, science, education, culture and health, as well as foreign negotiations, and points out that the implementation of these measures is conducive to Tibet's economic development, social progress, and the development of various undertakings, such as culture, education, health, etc. It has also played a pioneering role in many fields. The fourth chapter analyzes the reasons why Zhang Yin-tong was transferred from Tibet by the Qing government and the New deal was forced to drop out at the time of Tibet's great ambition, and put forward some different viewpoints. The fifth chapter is the summary of this paper, that is, the comprehensive analysis of Zhang Yin-tang 's Tibet New deal. In this paper, the achievements of Zhang Yin-tang in controlling Tibet are summarized, the great achievements of the New deal in Tibet are affirmed, the unsatisfactory points are pointed out, and the highly appraised views of later scholars on Zhang Yin-tang are listed. Finally, through comparative analysis, the author points out three unique characteristics of Zhang Yin-tang as minister of state in Tibet. Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal on Tibet was comprehensive and concrete, which opened the door of Tibet towards modernization and laid a good foundation for the future progress and development of Tibet.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K257
本文编号：2275186
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Tibet, the sacred territory on the southwest frontier of China, was frequently coveted and invaded by Britain and Russia, and the situation was precarious. Zhang Yin-tang, who is familiar with foreign affairs and Tibet affairs, wrote to the court to elaborate a series of views on rectifying Tibetan affairs to resist foreign aggression. As the first Han official to preside over Tibetan affairs in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Yin-tang was named "investigating and handling Tibetan affairs", but what he actually exercised was the authority of the minister stationed in Tibet, so Zhang Yin-tong was able to carry out a comprehensive new deal in various fields of Tibetan affairs. Since he went to India to negotiate with Tibet in 1905 and signed the Sino-British Treaty of Commerce with Britain in 1908, Zhang Yin-tang has been involved in Tibetan affairs for more than two years. From October 1906 to May 1907, Zhang Yin-tong issued documents, set up institutions and comprehensively implemented various new policies, which was the period during which he actually presided over Tibetan government affairs. The New deal carried out by Zhang Yin-tang in Tibet is almost omni-directional, covering various fields such as politics, military, economic, social, scientific, educational, cultural, and foreign negotiations. The main contents are as follows: the introduction part analyzes the academic value of this topic, reviews the current situation of Zhang Yin-tong 's related research, and draws up the feasible scheme from the aspects of theory, data and so on. At the same time, this paper points out the research method and academic innovation. The first chapter is the background of the paper, mainly discusses the objective and subjective reasons of Zhang Yin-tang 's investigation. Objectively speaking, the situation of Tibet and the reasons why the Qing Dynasty appointed Han officials as ministers in Tibet were analyzed. Subjectively, it is pointed out that Zhang Yin-tong is familiar with Tibetan affairs, is good at new policies and has a long history of making foreign affairs, which is the personal reason why he was appointed to investigate and handle Tibetan affairs. The second chapter mainly examines the political and military measures of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in Tibet, and conducts research in several aspects, such as punishing corruption, advocating the reform of the official system, compiling and training new types of troops, and organizing the Tibetan police administration, and so on. It is pointed out that it is the core content of Zhang Yin-tang to take back the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty Central Committee in Tibet. The third chapter mainly examines the initiatives of Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal in the fields of economy, society, science, education, culture and health, as well as foreign negotiations, and points out that the implementation of these measures is conducive to Tibet's economic development, social progress, and the development of various undertakings, such as culture, education, health, etc. It has also played a pioneering role in many fields. The fourth chapter analyzes the reasons why Zhang Yin-tong was transferred from Tibet by the Qing government and the New deal was forced to drop out at the time of Tibet's great ambition, and put forward some different viewpoints. The fifth chapter is the summary of this paper, that is, the comprehensive analysis of Zhang Yin-tang 's Tibet New deal. In this paper, the achievements of Zhang Yin-tang in controlling Tibet are summarized, the great achievements of the New deal in Tibet are affirmed, the unsatisfactory points are pointed out, and the highly appraised views of later scholars on Zhang Yin-tang are listed. Finally, through comparative analysis, the author points out three unique characteristics of Zhang Yin-tang as minister of state in Tibet. Zhang Yin-tang 's New deal on Tibet was comprehensive and concrete, which opened the door of Tibet towards modernization and laid a good foundation for the future progress and development of Tibet.
【学位授予单位】：四川师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K257
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