晚清驻外公使群体研究（1875-1911）

发布时间：2018-11-05 10:48

【摘要】：本文以晚清驻外公使群体为研究对象，以往对此的研究较为侧重介绍生平传略、陈述外交事件、解析外交思想与孤立探讨他们在政治变革、经济转型、西学传播等领域的作为，缺乏宏观考察与比较分析使臣的群体共性与个体差异。本文通过充分搜求与研读使臣遗留下来的日志、游记、手札、书信、奏稿、电函等原始资料、近年刊行的清季外交档案与前人研究成果，采用群体研究与个案研究相结合的方法，综合审视这一群体地域分布、原有职衔、年龄层次、任职年限、家庭出身等基本情状的构成与演变，以此透视使臣群体的总体特征及在清季外交发展的不同阶段表现出来的差异性。本文重点研究晚清传统开明士绅、新式学堂学生、留洋归国人员等出身各异的使臣知识结构、洋务、外交阅历的差别、演变，阐析由此造成的使臣综合外交素养的高低与对外事工作的影响，以及随着清季外交的纵深发展，使臣群体新陈嬗代，西式教育尤其留洋背景的使臣后来居上，转而成为清廷外交主力，中国外交近代化、外交官职业化行将实现。本文基于以上综合研究，择取典型个案，微观分析地缘、业缘、人缘、机缘与出身、阅历等诸种因素对不同类型使臣外交实践的影响与制约，，展现在弱肉强食的变局之下，驻外公使为维护国家权益与挽救民族危亡进行的外交抗争，以及为此饱受的苦痛与无奈，进而全面反思晚清外交失败的原因，解读使臣群体的时代际遇，评价使臣的功过是非，借此深化对近代中国外交的认识。
[Abstract]:This paper takes the group of foreign ministers in the late Qing Dynasty as the object of study. In the past, the research has focused on the introduction of biography, the statement of diplomatic events, the analysis of diplomatic thoughts and the isolation of their actions in the fields of political change, economic transformation, and communication of western studies. Lack of macro-inspection and comparative analysis of the common group and individual differences of envoys. By fully searching and studying the journals, travel notes, handbooks, letters, manuscripts, telegrams and other original materials left by the envoys, this paper has published diplomatic archives and previous research achievements in the Qing Dynasty in recent years. Using the method of combining group research with case study, this paper comprehensively examines the composition and evolution of the basic situation of this group, such as its geographical distribution, original title, age level, length of service, family origin, etc. From this perspective, the general characteristics of the envoys group and the differences in the different stages of diplomatic development in the Qing Dynasty were analyzed. This paper focuses on the evolution of the traditional enlightened gentry, the students of the new school, the personnel who returned from foreign countries, and the differences in the knowledge structure, the foreign affairs, the diplomatic experience, and so on, of the traditional enlightened gentry in the late Qing Dynasty. This paper analyzes the level of diplomatic literacy of envoys and its influence on foreign affairs work, and with the deep development of diplomacy in the Qing Dynasty, the new Chen Shan generation of envoys group, especially those who stay in foreign countries in western style education, come to the top. Turning to the main force of Qing government diplomacy, China's diplomatic modernization and diplomatic professionalization will be realized. Based on the above comprehensive research, this paper chooses typical cases, microcosmic analysis of geographical, professional, personal, opportunity and birth, experience and other factors on the diplomatic practice of different types of envoys and constraints, showing under the changing situation of the law of the jungle. The foreign ministers' diplomatic struggle to safeguard the national rights and interests and save the national peril, as well as the suffering and helplessness, then comprehensively reflect on the causes of diplomatic failure in the late Qing Dynasty, interpret the historical fate of the envoys, and evaluate the merits and wrongs of the envoys. In order to deepen the understanding of modern Chinese diplomacy.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252

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