日本对皖南铁矿区的控制与掠夺（1912-1945）

发布时间：2018-11-16 12:15

【摘要】：皖南铁矿区地处安徽长江以南,主要分布在当涂、繁昌、铜陵三县,是中国长江下游铁矿储量最多的地区,民国以来长期沦为日本的原料产地。本文根据日本控制与掠夺方式的不同,将其分成三个阶段：市场控制时期、军事占领时期、中日合办公司时期：第一次世界大战期间,皖南铁矿区的裕繁、宝兴、振冶等五家商办企业在国际铁矿价格飞涨的刺激下兴起,成为当时国内从事铁矿开采的重要公司。一战结束后,铁价迅速回落,各企业由于资金缺乏、技术薄弱及国内钢铁业落后引起的的需求饱和,纷纷陷入困境。此时,日本为了保障其国内钢铁生产的矿石需求,用提供日资借款的方式换取皖铁企业签署条件苛刻的售砂合同。裕繁公司最早与日商签订借款-售砂合同,并得以迅速发展,引起皖南社会的强烈不满,但在日本外交和军事的压力下,中方最终妥协。其他皖铁企业也纷纷与日商签订类似合同,致使皖南铁矿区在中日全面战争爆发前就被日本以经济手段控制,各铁矿企业随之陷入借债经营的恶性循环中。1937年中日战争全面爆发后,皖南铁矿区很快沦陷,处于日本华中派遣军的军事管理下。军管时期,日军不仅将战前矿区贮存的矿砂直接运回国内,而且对矿区进行了大规模调查,并着手筹备专门从事矿产开发的——华中铁矿公司。到1938年11月,华中铁矿公司在日本与伪维新政府签订的相关密约基础上成立,皖南铁矿区由此进入中日合办公司公司阶段。中日战争进入相持阶段以后,日本在华的经济政策日渐成熟。为了加强华中占领区的经济统制,日本“国策公司”——华中振兴公司开始统制整个华中占领区经济。作为其子公司的华中铁矿公司因业务范围的扩大,改组为华中矿业公司。该公司成立后,皖南铁矿区的各处矿山及原铁矿企业的设备被日方以“现物出资”的形式入股,分设桃冲、马鞍山、太平三个矿业所进行开采。华中矿业公司章程几经修改,矿业权问题与修改矿业法成为日伪交涉的长期议题。虽然矿权归属未能如意,但是日本在矿石开采方面成就显著。到战争后期,日军在太平洋战场的失利,使华中矿业公司的铁矿输出越发困难。该公司受此影响,一蹶不振,在日本战败投降后为国民政府派员接收。总之,皖南铁矿区从一战时期到1945年抗战胜利长达三十多年都被[]本控制,时间之长、掠夺量之大,成为日本掠夺政策下的重灾区。而在资源掠夺过程中,日本的经济侵略与军事紧密结合,在经营所谓“中日合办”公司的欺骗下,皖南铁矿的开采实质已是典型的殖民掠夺,不仅严重破坏了矿区矿床,而且使中国矿工死伤惨重,酿成了“以人换矿”的人间惨剧。
[Abstract]:The southern Anhui iron ore area is located in the south of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, mainly distributed in three counties of Dangtu, Fanchang and Tongling. It is the region with the most iron ore reserves in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Since the Republic of China, it has become the raw material origin of Japan for a long time. According to the different ways of Japanese control and plunder, this paper divides them into three stages: the period of market control, the period of military occupation, the period of Sino-Japanese joint company: during the first World War, Yufan, Baoxing of the iron ore area in southern Anhui Province, Five commercial enterprises, such as Zhenye, were stimulated by the soaring international iron ore prices and became an important iron ore mining company in China at that time. After World War I, iron prices quickly fell back, companies were in trouble because of lack of funds, weak technology and the saturation of demand caused by domestic steel industry backwardness. At this time, in order to protect the ore demand of its domestic steel production, Japan traded Japanese loans in exchange for the signing of strict sand sales contracts by Anhui Iron Enterprises. Yufan first signed a loan-sand contract with Japanese merchants and developed rapidly, which aroused strong dissatisfaction in southern Anhui society. However, under the pressure of Japanese diplomacy and military, the Chinese finally compromised. Other Anhui iron enterprises have also signed similar contracts with Japanese merchants one after another, resulting in the iron ore area in southern Anhui being controlled by Japan by economic means before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese total war. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, the iron ore area in southern Anhui quickly fell under the military management of the Japanese army in Central China. During the period of military administration, the Japanese troops not only directly transported back the ore stored in the pre-war mining area, but also carried out a large-scale investigation of the mining area, and began to prepare the Huazhong Iron Mine Company, which specializes in mineral exploitation. In November 1938, Huazhong Iron Mine Company was founded on the basis of the secret agreement signed between Japan and the pseudo-Reformin Government, and the Southern Anhui Iron Mine region entered into the stage of Sino-Japanese joint venture. Japan's economic policy in China has matured since the Sino-Japanese War entered the stage of confrontation. In order to strengthen the economic control of Central China occupied area, Japan's "State Policy Company"-Huazhong Zhenxing Company began to control the whole Central China occupied area economy. As its subsidiary, Huazhong Iron Mine Company was reorganized into Huazhong Mining Company due to the expansion of its scope of business. After the establishment of the company, the equipment of various mines and original iron ore enterprises in Wannan iron ore area was invested by the Japanese side in the form of "cash contribution", which was divided into three mining institutes, Taochong, Ma'anshan and Taiping. The articles of association of Huazhong Mining Company have been revised several times. Although the ownership of mineral rights is unsatisfactory, Japan has made remarkable achievements in ore mining. By the end of the war, Japan's defeat in the Pacific had made it harder for Huazhong mining companies to export iron ore. Affected by this, the company collapsed and was sent to the national government after Japan's defeat and surrender. In a word, the iron ore area of southern Anhui province was controlled by this for more than 30 years from the period of World War I to the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan in 1945. The long time and the large amount of plunder have become the worst disaster areas under the plundering policy of Japan. In the process of resource plunder, Japan's economic aggression was closely combined with military affairs, and under the deception of the so-called "Sino-Japanese joint venture" company, the exploitation of Wannan iron ore was in essence a typical colonial plunder, which not only seriously destroyed the ore deposits in the mining area. And Chinese miners were killed and injured, resulting in a "man for mine" human tragedy.
【学位授予单位】：南京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K26

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