鸦片战争中张朝发所犯“罪行”辨析

发布时间：2018-11-23 10:17

【摘要】：鸦片战争定海之战中张朝发因受伤而死,理应被视为为国捐躯。然而,他长期被看作有罪之身,没有获得应有的礼遇和评价。本文通过重新解读史料和学术史梳理,认为前人提到的张朝发所犯"罪行"主要有八项:其中,"通敌"一项纯属子虚乌有,"撤守"一项没有足够的证据可以证明。"事前不作准备"、"临事调度无方"两项确实存在,他也可能犯有"贪腐行为",这或多或少影响了清军的战斗力和战斗意志。至于"愎谏"、"临阵脱逃"和"丧师失城"三项,尚须作进一步讨论。张之所以拒绝其部下的建议,实是各守其责、不得已而做出的选择,而且其部下所提建议是基于"英军不能陆战"这一错误的判断之上。张在战斗中受伤,最后不治而亡,属于为国捐躯,与临阵脱逃有本质的区别。张对定海失守负有一定责任,但清军战败有着更深层次的原因,单从技战术的角度而言,在定海之战中,清军与英军在知己知彼、军队人数和士兵素质、武器装备、战法等方面存在巨大差距,清军战败有着某种历史的必然性。
[Abstract]:Zhang Zhaofa died of injury during the Opium War's War of Dinghai, and should be regarded as a sacrifice for his country. However, he has long been regarded as guilty, without due courtesy and evaluation. Through reinterpretation of historical data and academic history, this paper holds that there are eight main "crimes" mentioned by Zhang Chaofa: "colluding with the enemy" is purely false, and "withdrawing guard" is not enough evidence to prove it. " "not making preparations in advance" and "not being able to manage things immediately" did exist, and he might have committed "corrupt acts", which more or less affected the fighting effectiveness and will of the Qing army. Further discussion is needed on the following three items: perverse admonition, runaway from formation and loss of city. Zhang's rejection of his subordinates' proposals is indeed a matter of choice, a matter of necessity, and his suggestions are based on the erroneous judgment that the British army cannot fight on land. Zhang was wounded in battle and died of death. Zhang bears some responsibility for the loss of Dinghai, but there are deeper reasons for the defeat of the Qing Army. From a technical and tactical point of view, in the Battle of Dinghai, the Qing and British forces knew their enemies, the number of troops, the quality of their soldiers, and their weapons and equipment. There is a huge gap in war methods and so on, the Qing army defeat has a certain historical inevitability.
【作者单位】：中国华侨华人历史研究所;
【分类号】：K253

【参考文献】