清末民初军官团体专业化历程及政治取向研究

发布时间：2018-12-17 00:23

【摘要】：甲午战争后开始的军事改革在中国军事近代化的过程中具有其独特的意义。它不仅仅是一场军事变革,更是一场社会变革。这次的军事改革由于基本上完全采用西法,在军队的制度饷章、领导机构、部队编制、兵种构成、军事训练、战略战术等方面都发生了巨大的变化,其中军官团体的构成更是发生了显著的转变。管理军官的组织机构与军官本身都更注重组织的管理化及专业化,“专门的知识结构”取代了传统的“军阶权威”,军事专业主义开始形成。为了维持自身的统治需要,满清政府斥巨资来发展军事事业,而对于社会其他方面的改革则进展缓慢。虽然军官团体专业化运动本身因为社会条件所限遭受了挫折,但专业军人团体与社会其他阶层相比更具有组织性与力量性,军人的政治取向发生了转变,这造成了民国初年的军人干政。为了把失衡的文武关系重新整合,以孙中山为首的国民党率先引入了苏联红军的“党军”体制,希望培养能够忠于党的主义而又具备卓越战斗能力的军官。然而,国民党并没有把“党军”体制坚持下去,“军权”最终压过了“党权”。真正把党军体制继承下来并进一步发展的是中国共产党领导的军队,中国的军官团体由“专业化”向“革命化”发展。本文共分三章。绪论说明选题缘由和研究意义,对该专题进行学术史回顾,分析当前的研究状况,阐明研究方法。第一章主要论述军官专业化的内涵,并简要介绍晚清军官专业化运动的时代背景。第二章从军事专业的四个方面来重点分析军官团体的变动状况,探究军官团体的专业化历程。第三章重点阐述军官团体政治取向的转变,分析“以党领军”模式出现的原因。结语部分探讨军官由“专业化”向“革命化”转变的作用与影响,力求得出贴近史实的认识。
[Abstract]:The military reform that began after the Sino-Japanese War of Japan has its unique significance in the process of China's military modernization. It is not only a military change, but also a social change. As a result of the basic adoption of Western France in this military reform, tremendous changes have taken place in the army's system and regulations, leading organizations, force establishment, arms composition, military training, strategy and tactics, and so on. Among them, the composition of the officer group has undergone a significant change. The organization of managing officers and the officers themselves pay more attention to the management and specialization of the organization. "specialized knowledge structure" has replaced the traditional "rank authority", and military professionalism has begun to form. In order to maintain its own rule, the Manchu government spent a lot of money to develop military affairs, while the reform of other aspects of society was slow. Although the professionalization movement of officers' groups itself suffered setbacks because of the limitations of social conditions, professional military groups were more organized and more powerful than other social strata, and the political orientation of military personnel had changed. This led to military intervention in the early years of the Republic of China. In order to reintegrate the unbalanced civil-military relations, the Kuomintang led by Sun Zhongshan took the lead in introducing the "party-army" system of the Soviet Red Army, hoping to train officers who could be loyal to the Party's doctrine and had excellent fighting ability. However, the KMT did not persist in the "Party and Army" system, "military power" over the "Party's power." It is the army led by the Communist Party of China that really inherits and further develops the system of the Party and army, and the officers' organizations in China have developed from "specialization" to "revolutionization". This paper is divided into three chapters. The introduction explains the reason and significance of the topic, reviews the academic history of the topic, analyzes the current research situation, and clarifies the research methods. The first chapter mainly discusses the connotation of officer specialization and briefly introduces the background of the late Qing Dynasty officer specialization movement. The second chapter mainly analyzes the change of officer group from four aspects of military specialty, and probes into the course of officer group specialization. The third chapter focuses on the transformation of the political orientation of officers' groups, and analyzes the reasons for the emergence of the model of "leading by the Party". The conclusion part discusses the function and influence of officers' transformation from "specialization" to "revolutionization", and tries to get a close understanding of historical facts.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：E221;K25

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