民国初期（1912-1913）湖南县乡议会之荒政议案研究

发布时间：2018-12-24 06:48

【摘要】：清末政府宣布仿行宪政体制——预备立宪,在中央设资政院,各省成立咨议局,之后又在各省县城镇乡设立筹办地方自治公所,开启地方自治先河,这是中国民主政治体制最早的雏形;辛亥的炮火结束了清政府的统治,萌生了地方政治的新芽,开始新的历史纪元。南京临时国民政府成立后,孙中山督促各省成立议会共商民主大业;1912-1913年湖南各县乡镇议会以《城镇乡地方自治章程》为基础相继召开,这是湖南地方民主自治的一次实践,代表着资产阶级民主政治初步形成;秉承“以本村之人议本村之事”的原则,湖南省各县乡议会选举议员,提出、讨论和议决了经济建设、民生、文化教育、社会风俗等方面的议案。其中既与民众生活密切相关,又影响着政府统治能否得到巩固的,当属荒政方面的议案。有着“湖广熟,天下足”美称的湖南,自1906年起连续8年的水旱灾害下元气大伤,频仍的自然灾害、动荡不安的时局让湖南民众生活处于水深火热之中;1912-1913年间湖南受灾县乡“饥民哀鸿遍野”,各县乡议会以地方灾情为据提出积谷备荒、修河铺路、以工代赈、成立农林所等许多减灾防灾、赈灾救灾相关议案;这些议案既有传统荒政的沿袭,也有革新立意之处;在防灾减灾方面,重视对粮仓的保管,开源节流,筹办农林会,推动湖南农林业的发展,提高的民众抗灾能力与防灾意识;在赈灾救灾上,以工代赈得到更多的关注与多元发展,官办慈善事业开始衰退,民间慈善充救济逐渐跃居重要的角色,开始新的发展。湖南省各县乡镇议会存在虽只有两三年,对于湖南社会生活的实际贡献也较为有限,但是它让一般民众得以参与地方事务,政治参与热情得到极大提高,作为湖南历史上第一个正式的地方自治政治体现,具有开拓性意义;荒政议案以维护国家统治及地方稳定为出发点,造福民众,体现了民国时期荒政的近代化,也反映了在当时社会历史背景下的无奈与无力,也为湘省之后的荒政发展奠定了基础,留下许多宝贵的经验教训。
[Abstract]:At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the government announced the establishment of a constitutional system, that is, the preparation of the constitution, the establishment of administrative departments at the central level, and the establishment of advisory bureaus in the provinces, and then the setting up of local autonomy offices in the counties, towns, townships and townships of various provinces, which opened the first example of local autonomy. This is the earliest embryonic form of China's democratic political system; The gunfire of Xin Hai ended the rule of Qing government, sprouted the new bud of local politics, and began a new historical epoch. After the establishment of the Nanjing interim National Government, Sun Zhongshan urged the provinces to set up parliaments to discuss the great cause of democracy. From 1912 to 1913, the county and township councils of Hunan were successively held on the basis of the articles of Local Autonomy of towns and Countryside, which was a practice of Hunan's local democratic autonomy and represented the initial formation of bourgeois democratic politics. Adhering to the principle of "using the people of this village to discuss the affairs of this village", the county and township councils of Hunan Province elected members and proposed, discussed and resolved bills on economic construction, people's livelihood, culture and education, social customs, and so on. Which is closely related to the life of the people, but also affects whether the government can be consolidated. Hunan, known as "the lake is familiar, the world is good," since 1906, eight consecutive years of flood and drought disasters under the major damage, frequent natural disasters, turbulent times let Hunan people live in deep suffering; From 1912 to 1913, Hunan's stricken counties "hungry people mourn the wild", the county and township councils based on the local disaster situation as the basis for the proposal to store the valley to prepare wasteland, build rivers to pave the road, work for relief, set up agricultural and forestry institutions, and many other disaster relief, disaster relief and disaster relief related bills; In the aspect of disaster prevention and mitigation, we should attach importance to the preservation of granaries, increase resources and cut down expenditure, organize agricultural and forestry meetings, promote the development of agriculture and forestry in Hunan, and improve the people's ability to resist disasters and prevent disasters. In disaster relief and relief, more attention and diversified development of the relief for work, official philanthropy began to decline, folk charity relief gradually leapt to an important role, began to develop. Although the county and township councils of Hunan Province only exist for two or three years, and their actual contribution to Hunan's social life is also relatively limited, it enables the general public to participate in local affairs, and the enthusiasm for political participation is greatly enhanced. As the first formal political embodiment of local autonomy in Hunan history, it is of pioneering significance. The famine policy bill takes the maintenance of national rule and local stability as the starting point and benefits the people. It reflects the modernization of famine in the period of the Republic of China, and also reflects the helplessness and powerlessness in the social and historical background of that time. It also laid the foundation for the development of famine after Hunan province, leaving many valuable experiences and lessons.
【学位授予单位】：湖南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K258

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