清末练兵处研究

发布时间：2019-03-12 18:40

【摘要】：练兵处是清末新政前期军事改革的重要领导机构,从1903到1906年存在了三年时间。它是中国第一个具有现代化意义的全国军事领导机构。成立这个机构是为了实现中国的军事现代化,而这是传统的军事机构——兵部无法完成的任务,因为练兵处的机构组织和主要负责人员真正符合了现代化军事改革的要求,而兵部则是完全传统的以文职官员为主的机构。因此可以说练兵处成立本身就是中国军事现代化的一个进步。然而练兵处与兵部的权力争夺大大降低了练兵处的效率,其中夹杂的满汉矛盾更是为练兵处后来的命运埋下了隐患。练兵处在成立后颁布了一系列的军事改革章程,其中最重要的就是从总体上规划中国现代化军制改革的总纲——营制饷章。营制饷章既涉及军事制度改革的方方面面,同时也规定了中国新式陆军的军队建制和军队薪饷。除了营制饷章外还有各个方面的军事改革章程,包括了军官级别、教育、后勤、训练、武器等。这些章程基本是以西方的军事制度为模板,同时也考虑了中国的具体情况而有所变通,既体现了现代化的特点,也融入了国情。这些章程总体上构成了中国军事现代化的指导思想,为中国军事现代化改革指明了方向。练兵处按照所颁布的章程积极的参与到了全国各地新军编练的实践活动中。练兵处大臣袁世凯身体力行大力编练北洋新军,在其任职练兵处会办大臣期间取得了很高的练兵成就。而张之洞作为地方督抚代表也努力实现练兵处各个章程的要求,在新军编练上成效不小。另外练兵处还亲自主持参与了两次由新军参与的现代化军事演习,引起了国内外的注目。监督指导各地建立陆军学堂,催促各地设立督练公所,派遣大员考察各地新军编练情况,统一各地武器标准和军服样式,这些也都是练兵处参与全国新军编练的重要内容。练兵处最终因为满汉权力斗争而被归入了陆军部,完成了它的历史使命。它既为中国军事现代化改革做出了自己的贡献,也因为当时的各种复杂情况留下了不少遗憾和值得吸取的教训。现在回过头去看看那个时代,既痛心于当时中国悲惨的命运,也为一批批爱国者努力改变中国的命运而受到鼓舞,更深感那个时代现代化改革的艰险和不易,从而倍加珍惜当代这来之不易的改革成果。
[Abstract]:The military training Service was an important leading organization for military reform in the early period of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted three years from 1903 to 1906. It is China's first modernization of the national military leadership organization. This institution was established to achieve China's military modernization, and this is a task that can not be accomplished by the traditional military institution, the Ministry of Arms, because the organizational structure and the main responsible personnel of the military training Service have truly met the requirements of modern military reform. The military, on the other hand, is a fully traditional, civilian-dominated institution. Therefore, it can be said that the establishment of the Department of military training itself is a progress in China's military modernization. However, the competition for power between the military training department and the military department greatly reduced the efficiency of the military training office, among which the Manchu-Han contradiction buried hidden dangers for the future fate of the military training department. After its establishment, the Department of military training promulgated a series of regulations for military reform, the most important of which is the general program for the reform of China's modern military system, the general outline of the reform of the modern military system in China-the rates chapter of the battalion system. The Battalion chapter not only deals with all aspects of the reform of the military system, but also regulates the military establishment and salaries of the new Chinese Army. In addition to the barracks, there are all aspects of the military reform charter, including officer rank, education, logistics, training, weapons and so on. These statutes are based on the western military system as a template, but also take into account the specific situation of China, reflecting the characteristics of modernization, but also integrated into the national conditions. These statutes generally constitute the guiding ideology of China's military modernization and point out the direction for the reform of China's military modernization. In accordance with the regulations issued, the military training Office actively participated in the practice of the New Army training all over the country. Yuan Shikai, minister of the Department of military training, made great efforts to train the New Army of Beiyang, and made very high achievements in training soldiers during his tenure as Minister of the Department of military training. Zhang Zhidong, as a local governor and representative, also made great efforts to realize the requirements of the regulations of the military training Office, and achieved considerable results in the training of the New Army. In addition, the military training Branch personally presided over two modern military exercises attended by the New Army, attracting attention at home and abroad. Supervising and guiding the establishment of army schools in various localities, urging various localities to set up supervision and training institutions, sending large members to inspect the development of new armies in various areas, and unifying weapons standards and military uniform styles in various localities are also important contents for the military training office to participate in the training of the new army throughout the country. The military training Service was eventually subsumed into the Army Department because of the Manchu-Han power struggle and completed its historical mission. It has not only made its own contribution to the reform of China's military modernization, but also left a lot of regrets and lessons to be learned from various complicated situations at that time. Now looking back at that era, I am not only saddened by the tragic fate of China at that time, but also encouraged by the efforts of a batch of patriots to change the fate of China. I am even more deeply aware of the hardships and difficulties of modernizing reform in that era. Thus cherish the hard-won reform achievements of the contemporary times.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K252

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