乾隆皇帝与理学

发布时间：2018-01-01 10:25

本文关键词：乾隆皇帝与理学　出处：《曲阜师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文以乾隆皇帝与理学的关系为出发点,通过对乾隆皇帝理学态度的变化过程及其产生变化的原因进行阐述和论证,力求揭示这一时期统治者与理学的内在联系和特点。进入清代以后,学术界对宋元明以来的理学发展脉络进行了整理,并在此基础上加以反思。随着清朝皇帝们对理学支持态度的明朗,庙堂之中的理学家们走上与清政权合作的道路。乾隆皇帝从幼年开始接受理学教育,并且深受理学影响。即位以后,极力宣讲理学,在呈进经史讲义、重开经筵讲论等方面显现出其对理学的热情。与此同时,在全社会实行推广理学的措施。所以,在执政初期,乾隆皇帝对理学基本上持肯定态度。秉承康熙皇帝、雍正皇帝对假道学的批判传统,乾隆皇帝对理学诸臣之中的“言行不一”和“好名习气”的训斥更是不遗余力。随着时间的推移,乾隆皇帝在经筵讲论中出现了立异朱子的现象。在改革科举考试的争论当中,乾隆皇帝对理学的重视程度亦有所减弱。出现这种变化的主要原因是乾隆皇帝对理学并不像其祖父一样热情,然而却更重视理学实用性的一面。在深入了解理学的同时,乾隆皇帝发现了程朱学说中亦有不利于自己统治的言论,与此同时其在科举考试当中重视经史的举措让更多的经学人物入仕朝堂,以考据为手段的汉学在社会上逐渐成为了当时学术的主流。乾隆皇帝对理学的要求偏重于为现实政治的服务,所以他要求科举士子要有真才实学,而真才实学的衡量标准是“经史根柢”如何。即使如此,乾隆皇帝并没有放弃对理学的重视和继续阐发,在立异朱子的同时又有对朱子的肯定。就原因来讲,这一时期愈演愈烈的“文字狱”也使更多的士人投入到经史的行列,理学很少有人问津。随着乾隆皇帝对理学态度的逐渐明朗,即使是信奉理学的大臣们更多的时候也以经史相标榜,而于理学少有关涉。总起来说,乾隆皇帝对于理学的功利主义目的,一方面固然来源于对理学末流不务实行的戒惧,一方面是由其最高统治者的务实取向决定的。因此理学诸臣能够兢兢业业于日常政务的处理,而科举士子们做到研求经史以期将来为现实政治效力,可以说是统治者的完美构想。然而就在这一过程当中,理学逐渐丧失了其学术号召力,而经学作为一支新生力量蓬勃发展起来。
[Abstract]:Based on the relationship between Emperor Qianlong and Neo-Confucianism, this paper expounds and demonstrates the process of the change of Emperor Qianlong's attitude to Neo-Confucianism and the reasons for the change. Try to reveal the internal relationship and characteristics between rulers and Neo-Confucianism in this period. After entering the Qing Dynasty, the academic circles sorted out the development of Neo-Confucianism since the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, and then reflected on it. With the Qing Dynasty emperors' attitude towards Neo-Confucianism became clear. The Neo-Confucianism in the temple took the road of cooperation with the Qing regime. Emperor Qianlong began to receive Neo-Confucianism education from an early age, and was deeply influenced by Neo-Confucianism. At the same time, the whole society carried out the measures of promoting Neo-Confucianism. Therefore, in the early days of ruling, Emperor Qianlong basically took a positive attitude to Neo-Confucianism. Adhering to the tradition of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng's criticism of false Taoism, Emperor Qianlong spared no effort in reprimanding "different words and deeds" and "good reputation habits" among the officials of Neo-Confucianism. Emperor Qianlong appeared the phenomenon of innovating Zhu in the speech of Jing Yan. In the debate about the reform of imperial examination. Emperor Qianlong paid less attention to Neo-Confucianism. The main reason for this change was that Emperor Qianlong did not have the same enthusiasm for Neo-Confucianism as his grandfather. However, more attention was paid to the practical aspect of Neo-Confucianism. While understanding Neo-Confucianism in depth, Emperor Qianlong discovered that there were also views in the doctrine of Cheng and Zhu that were not conducive to his own rule. At the same time, in the imperial examination, it attaches importance to the history of the measures to make more scholars into the official court. Sinology by means of textual research gradually became the mainstream of the academic society at that time. Emperor Qianlong's demand for Neo-Confucianism focused on serving the realistic politics, so he asked the imperial examination scholars to have real talent. Even so, Emperor Qianlong did not give up his attention to Neo-Confucianism and continued to expound, and at the same time affirmed Zhu Zi while innovating Zhu Zi. In this period, the increasingly fierce "text prison" also made more scholars into the ranks of the classics, Neo-Confucianism few people asked. With the Emperor Qianlong's attitude to Neo-Confucianism gradually clear. Even ministers who believe in Neo-Confucianism are more often touted as classics, with little concern. To sum up, the utilitarian purpose of Emperor Qianlong for Neo-Confucianism, on the one hand, came from the fear that Neo-Confucianism was not practical. On the one hand, it is determined by the pragmatic orientation of its supreme ruler. Therefore, the ministers of Neo-Confucianism can conscientiously deal with the daily government affairs, and the imperial examination scholars can study the history of the classics with a view to achieving practical political effect in the future. However, in this process, Neo-Confucianism gradually lost its academic appeal, and Confucianism as a new force flourished.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249.3

【引证文献】