清代山东义学研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 01:07

本文选题：义学　切入点：清代　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：义学,又称义塾,发展至清代,成为主要招收民间贫寒子弟,以读书识字为主要目的的免费教育机构,并与私塾、社学等共同承担起清代广大乡村地区的蒙学教育。山东作为清代中原和沿海的一个重要行省,下辖107个州县,根据笔者对山东省450部左右州县志的统计,其在清代(1644年至1902年)共创建了919所义学。清代山东义学经历了顺治至嘉庆年间的发展,在道光和光绪年间两度形成发展高峰。这些义学发展至清末,陆续变为蒙学堂或初等小学堂,在课程、教材、师资、教学管理等方面均有所变化,从而迎来了自身命运的转折。纵观清代山东义学,具有以下几方面的特点：一、在内涵和性质方面,山东义学主要是面向民间汉族贫寒子弟,使之能掌握一般的日用常识、基础知识、伦理规范和法律常识,以维持生计的免费教育场所,并具有官办、民办、官办民助和民办官助等灵活多样的办学形式。二、在经费来源、支出和管理方面,经费来源具有学田地租、钱款收入、本金发商生息、税收收入等多种形式；经费支出主要用于塾师束惰、塾生膏火、校舍修缮等方面；经费管理初步形成了由绅董管理或领取,定额、按季发放等较完备的管理制度。三、在校舍的选择和构造方面,校舍主要有择地新建、寺庙道观、祠堂、公宅或私宅、附设书院或学宫内等多种选择。官办义学的校舍构造主要有讲堂、学舍、卧房、厨房、门房、看守人住房等结构；民办义学则较为简单,主要为讲堂或学舍等。四、在教学方面,基本上分为蒙学和经学两个阶段,而蒙学阶段是主要阶段(大多数义学只能达到蒙学阶段)。与之相对应,课程主要分为蒙学课程和经学课程,蒙学课程主要有《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》、《农户杂字》、《千家诗》、珠算、本朝律令以及冠、婚、丧、祭等礼节知识等(蒙学课程为主要课程),经学课程主要为“四书五经”。教学程序一般遵循识字、读书、背书、写字、作文的顺序。教学方法主要为个别教学,同时注重灌输,强调背诵。五、在塾师与塾生方面,塾师主要选择品学兼优之士,其身份主要为秀才。塾师束惰一般为每人每年六十千文(银三十两)左右,同时还有“节礼”等。官办义学与民办义学的塾师待遇差别较大。塾师一般为一年一聘,如塾师表现较好,则继续聘用；反之,则另聘他人。由于塾生基本上来自贫苦农民家庭,故大部分塾生读完蒙学课程就辍学务农或经商,少数优异者并家境较好者可继续攻读,参加科举考试,甚至取得功名。清代山东义学作为清代各地义学中的杰出代表,既有与清代直隶、河南、山西、安徽、江苏等行省义学的相似性,又有与清代边疆省份和少数民族聚居地区义学的差异性。因此,研究清代山东义学,对于全面了解清代义学的特点具有重要的历史意义,对于当今慈善教育事业的发展具有重要的启发和借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Yixue, also known as Yi Shuk, developed to the Qing Dynasty, and became a free educational institution which mainly enroll the poor folk children and read and read for the main purpose, and shared with private schools and social studies to undertake the Mongolian education in the vast rural areas of the Qing Dynasty. Shandong, as an important province in the Central Plains and Coastal areas of the Qing Dynasty, has 107 prefectures and counties under its jurisdiction. According to the author's statistics of 450 prefectural and county records in Shandong Province, In the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1902), a total of 919 righteousness studies were established. Shandong righteousness science in the Qing Dynasty experienced the development from Shunzhi to Jiaqing, and formed a development peak during the period of Daoguang and Guang Xu. These studies developed to the end of the Qing Dynasty. One after another, the Mongolian or elementary schools have changed in curriculum, teaching materials, teachers, teaching management and so on, thus ushered in the turning point of their own destiny. Throughout the Qing Dynasty Shandong righteousness study has the following characteristics: first, in terms of connotation and nature, Shandong righteousness science is mainly for the poor children of the Han nationality, so that they can master the general common sense and basic knowledge of daily use. Ethical norms and legal common sense, in order to maintain a free educational place for living, and with flexible and varied forms of running schools, such as government-run, privately-run, government-run and privately-run government aid. Second, in terms of source of funds, expenditure and management, The sources of funds include school land rent, money income, principal income, income from business, tax revenue, etc. The expenditure is mainly used in such aspects as indolence of teachers, building of ointment fire, renovation of school buildings, and so on. Funds management has initially been managed or received by gentry and Dong. Quotas, quarterly distribution and other more complete management systems. Third, in the selection and construction of school buildings, school buildings are mainly selected for new construction, temples, temples, ancestral halls, public or private houses, There are a variety of options, such as the attached academy or the palace. The construction of the school building mainly consists of lecture rooms, study houses, bedrooms, kitchens, gatekeepers' houses, etc., while the private schools are relatively simple, mainly consisting of lecture rooms or school houses. 4. In terms of teaching, it is basically divided into two stages, namely, the study of the light and the study of the classics, while the stage of the study of the light is the main stage (most of the learning of meaning can only reach the stage of the study of light). The main courses of Mongolian studies are: "three characters Classic", < 100 Family names >, < 1000 characters >, "Farmers' Miscellaneous characters", < 1000 Family Poems], "abacus", and the laws and decrees of this Dynasty, as well as Crown, Marriage, mourning, The teaching procedure generally follows the order of literacy, reading, endorsement, writing and composition. The teaching method is mainly for individual teaching, while attention is paid to indoctrination. Emphasis on recitation. Fifthly, in terms of teachers and students, teachers mainly choose those who possess both excellent qualities and excellent academic qualities, and their status is mainly of a scholar. The average number of teachers who are lazy is about 60, 000 articles (30 dollars in silver) per person per year. At the same time, there are also "fetishes". There is a big difference in the treatment of private and government-run private schools. Teachers are generally employed once a year. If they perform well, they will continue to be employed; conversely, Since the students are from poor peasant families, most of them drop out of school to work in agriculture or business after finishing their studies, and a few excellent and well-off families can continue to study, take imperial examinations and even gain fame. As an outstanding representative of righteousness science in various parts of the Qing Dynasty, Shandong Yixue in Qing Dynasty is similar to that of Zhili, Henan, Shanxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, it is of great historical significance to study the semantic science of Shandong Province in Qing Dynasty, which is of great historical significance to the comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the science of righteousness in the Qing Dynasty, which is different from that in the frontier provinces of the Qing Dynasty and the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. It is of great significance for the development of charity education.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K249

【相似文献】