明代河南灾荒与荒政研究

发布时间：2018-04-05 03:36

本文选题：明代　切入点：河南　出处：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国自古以来就是一个灾荒频发的国家,灾荒问题是中国历朝历代都十分关注的一个严重社会问题。面对灾荒,历朝政府都会想尽办法尽可能的去实施救助,以图最大限度的降低灾荒带来的损害与破坏。明朝是我国封建社会的一个重要历史时期,河南地区由于其特殊的地理位置,在有明一代河南遭受灾荒侵袭不断,给豫省百姓的生产生活造成了巨大的困难。灾荒发生后,国家的荒政制度如何帮助河南救灾备荒成为一个关注的重点。尽管随着时间的推移,明朝政府在河南救荒上越发显得力不从心,但是万历中期那次河南成功的救荒,也让我们看到了明代荒政制度的发达。随着明朝整个国家政治、经济制度的崩溃,依附在它们之下的河南荒政制度也随之破产,并一同伴随着王朝的覆灭而消失,但是明朝在河南地区的荒政制度还是有很多借鉴意义的,研究这段灾荒史有其必要的历史价值和现实意义。首先,对明代河南的灾荒概况做介绍,对各类灾荒的发生时间、具体时节、发生次数以及发生地域进行分类统计,编辑制作明代河南灾荒志,作为全文的数据来源与统计依据。通过对数据的分析整理,大致勾勒出明代河南水灾、旱灾、虫灾以及饥荒这四大主要灾害的分布情况与特征,直接明确的了解明代河南的受灾情况。其次,明代河南的荒政制度在面对灾荒时从行政体制上,明朝确定了中央与地方二级救荒管理机构,具体到河南灾荒救助程序上,依据当时的报灾勘灾制度规定,在河南发生灾荒后首先由地方政府将灾情逐级上报至中央,待中央复查灾情后决定具体的救助措施,下发地方执行。这些具体措施包含了蠲免赋役、赈济施粥灾民、调粟平粜、安辑流民盗匪、养恤等多个方面,通过这一系列完整的救助措施,以求最大限度的降低灾荒给河南百姓造成的损失。在救荒的同时,政府还注重备荒,通过预备仓这一明代主要的仓储制度以及农业害虫的防治两大方面介绍了明代河南的备荒手段,形成了一系列救荒、备荒的完善体系。第三,以万历二十一年的河南大水为历史背景,分析明代河南成功救荒所需要具备的各种条件与取得的最终实际效果。透过记录当时救荒全程和救荒措施的《赈豫纪略》一书,研究钟化民在主持赈济河南时如何运用当时的各项荒政措施来实现成功救荒,分析总结其个人乃至当时明代社会精英所蕴含着的救荒思想。最后,对河南整个荒政制度的运行简要评价,总结荒政制度的有点及其历史作用,更为重要的是找出其所存在的局限与不足之处,正是这些不足,限制并影响了河南的救荒行为,在整个国家政治、经济制度衰落的大环境下,河南荒政制度的衰落也是在所难免的。
[Abstract]:China has been a country with frequent famine since ancient times.In the face of famine, the government will do everything possible to implement relief, in order to minimize the damage and damage caused by famine.Ming Dynasty was an important historical period of feudal society in our country. Due to its special geographical position, Henan suffered from famine in Ming Dynasty, which caused great difficulties to the production and life of people in Henan Province.After the famine occurred, how the national famine system to help Henan disaster relief and famine has become a focus of attention.Although with the passage of time, the Ming Dynasty government in Henan relief more and more appear to be unable to do, but in the middle of Wanli Henan successful relief, but also let us see the development of the Ming Dynasty famine system.With the collapse of the political and economic systems of the whole state of the Ming Dynasty, the famine regime of Henan, which was attached to them, also went bankrupt and disappeared with the fall of the dynasty.However, the famine system of Ming Dynasty in Henan area still has a lot of reference significance, the study of this famine history has its necessary historical value and practical significance.First of all, the general situation of Henan famine in Ming Dynasty is introduced. The occurrence time, specific time, occurrence frequency and occurrence region of all kinds of famine are classified and counted, and the records of Henan famine in Ming Dynasty are edited and made as the data source and statistical basis of the full text.Through the analysis and collation of the data, the distribution and characteristics of the four major disasters of the Ming Dynasty, such as flood, drought, insect pest and famine, are outlined, and the disaster situation of Henan in Ming Dynasty is directly and clearly understood.Secondly, in the face of famine in the Ming Dynasty, the famine administration system in Henan Province, from the administrative system, determined the central and local second-level famine relief management agencies, specifically in Henan's famine relief procedures, according to the provisions of the disaster reporting and prospecting system at that time.After the famine occurred in Henan, the local government reported the disaster situation to the central authorities, and decided on the specific relief measures after the central authorities review the disaster situation, and issued the local implementation.These concrete measures include exemption from duty, relief to the victims of porridge, levelling of grain grain, collection of displaced bandits, pension, and so on, in order to minimize the losses caused by the famine to the people of Henan Province through this series of complete relief measures.At the same time, the government also pays attention to the preparation of famine, through the preparation of warehouse, the main storage system of Ming Dynasty and the prevention and control of agricultural pests, the paper introduces the methods of preparing famine in Henan in Ming Dynasty, and forms a series of perfect system of saving famine and preparing for famine.Thirdly, taking the great flood of Henan Province in 21 years of Wanli as the historical background, this paper analyzes the various conditions and the final practical results of the successful relief of famine in Henan in Ming Dynasty.By documenting the whole process of relief and the relief measures at that time, the book "Relief and Rescue period", this paper studies how Zhong Huamin made use of all kinds of famine policy measures at that time to realize the successful relief of famine when he presided over the relief work in Henan.Analyze and summarize his personal and even the Ming Dynasty social elite contained in the idea of famine relief.Finally, a brief evaluation of the operation of the whole system of famine administration in Henan Province, a summary of the system of famine administration and its historical role, and, more importantly, finding out its limitations and deficiencies, which are just these shortcomings, are given.It limits and affects the relief behavior of Henan Province. Under the circumstances of the decline of the whole national political and economic system, the decline of Henan famine system is inevitable.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K248;X43

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