从严禁到宽容：清政府基督宗教政策的演变（1840-1874）

发布时间：2018-04-12 11:05

本文选题：清朝晚期 + 基督宗教　；参考：《宁波大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：鸦片战争以后，特别是道光二十年至同治十三年这一段历史时期，是清朝基督宗教政策变化最为激烈的时期。这一段历史时期，清朝在两次鸦片战争中战败，不得不与西方列强签订一系列不平等条约。其中，传教是主要内容之一。至于传教，是指传播基督宗教。道光二十年至道光二十四年，根据中外第一批不平等条约及道光皇帝的两道上谕，，清朝的基督宗教政策由禁教政策演变为有限弛教政策。所谓有限弛教政策，是指有限制地允许基督宗教在中国的传播和发展的政策。清政府限制基督宗教的传播和发展主要是采取抓捕进入内地的传教士及打击信教的中国人两大方面的措施，以及由两大措施延伸的其它措施。这些措施虽然没能阻挡传教士来华传教及中国百姓的习教，却阻止了基督宗教在中国的快速的传播。有限弛教政策一直执行到辛酉政变之前，即以慈禧、奕、桂良、文祥等为首的新的决策层上台之前。新的决策层上台后，面临着第二次鸦片战争失败、太平天国运动高涨的复杂局面，为了维护统治，不得不采取羁縻西方列强的措施。因而，同治朝实行了宽容传教政策。这是一种更加容忍基督宗教在中国传播和发展的政策。同治朝清政府宽容基督宗教传播和发展的政策主要体现在对教案的处理方面。同治朝清政府在办理教案时，往往以息事宁人的态度，采取袒教抑民的措施，致使教会与教民行为越来越专横，非教民感到越来越愤慨，双方矛盾不断加大，最终演变为一次又一次的打教案件，并且恶性循环。同治朝的宽容传教政策，虽然没有使国内安定，但是它有利于保持对外的和平关系。同治一朝没有因教案发生大的中外战争，即是其最好的证明。另外，就同治一朝的宽容传教政策本身而言，也是在不断地变化的，总的趋势是：清政府对于基督宗教在华传播和发展的态度越来越宽容。与此点相映，同治朝的宽容传教政策的特点是消极的、无作为的。至于这种消极的无作为的状况，则一直要持续到《辛丑条约》签订以后才有较大的改观。
[Abstract]:After the Opium War, especially the historical period from 20 years to 13 years of Tongzhi, it was the most drastic period of the change of Christian religious policy in Qing Dynasty.During this historical period, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in two Opium Wars and had to sign a series of unequal treaties with Western powers.Among them, preaching is one of the main contents.As for preaching, it refers to the spread of Christian religion.From 20 years to 24 years, according to the first batch of unequal treaties between China and foreign countries and the two oracles of the Emperor Daoguang, the Christian religious policy of Qing Dynasty changed from the policy of banning religion to the policy of limited relaxation of religion.The so-called policy of limited relaxation refers to the policy of allowing the spread and development of Christian religion in China.The Qing government restricted the spread and development of Christian religion mainly by arresting missionaries entering the mainland and cracking down on religious Chinese, as well as other measures extended by the two measures.Although these measures did not stop missionaries from preaching in China and the Chinese people, they prevented the rapid spread of Christian religion in China.The policy of limited relaxation was carried out until the Xin you coup, that is, before Cixi, Yi, Gui Liang, Wen Xiang and other new decision makers came to power.After the new decision-makers came to power, they were faced with the defeat of the second Opium War and the complicated situation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement.Therefore, Tongzhi Dynasty carried out a policy of tolerance and missionary.This is a policy of greater tolerance for the spread and development of Christian religion in China.The policy of tolerating the spread and development of Christian religion in Tongzhi Qing Dynasty was mainly embodied in the handling of teaching plans.In handling the teaching plan, the Tongzhi Qing government often took the measure of favouring the religious and restraining the people with an attitude of peace and tranquillity. As a result, the church and the religious people acted more and more arbitrarily, and the non-religious people felt more and more indignant, and the contradictions between the two sides continued to grow.Eventually, it turns out to be a cycle of teaching case after lesson, and a vicious circle.The tolerant missionary policy of Tongzhi Dynasty did not make domestic stability, but it was conducive to maintaining peaceful relations with foreign countries.Tongzhi was the best proof that there was no great war between China and foreign countries because of the teaching plan.In addition, the policy of tolerance and missionary in Tongzhi period itself is also constantly changing. The general trend is that the attitude of the Qing government towards the spread and development of Christian religion in China is becoming more and more tolerant.In line with this, the tolerant missionary policy of ruling the same dynasty was characterized by negativity and inaction.As for the negative situation of inaction, it will last until after the signing of the Treaty of Xin Chou.
【学位授予单位】：宁波大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K249

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