宋代香药业经济研究

发布时间：2018-04-28 00:21

本文选题：宋代 + 香药贸易　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：宋代香药进口贸易、贩运、加工生产、销售,直至香药消费,已形成一个重要的香药业经济。本文从宋代香药朝贡贸易和民间海外香药贸易、政府对香药的禁榷经营、民间香药销售和生产加工经营、香药业与其他产业的关联、宋代社会的香药消费等方面对宋代香药业经济作了考察。在北宋前期,统治者出于树立国威的政治需求而积极鼓励朝贡贸易,香药朝贡贸易获得较快发展。北宋中期以后,由于财政困难,宋朝政府不得不以务实的态度对待香药朝贡贸易,实行估价回赐制度,控制朝贡贸易规模和成本,注重自身贸易利益。南宋时,香药朝贡贸易由原来的估价回赐为主转变为抽解和买为主估价回赐为辅。因此,海外诸国朝贡贸易积极性大为减少,香药朝贡贸易也由繁盛渐趋衰落。此外,北宋时期陆上丝绸之路乳香为主的香药贸易承唐代繁荣之余绪,再度繁盛,并没有衰落,贸易规模在某种程度上甚至超过唐代,只是与当时海上香药贸易相比,略显逊色而已。宋代民间海外香药贸易比较发达。大食、三佛齐等国外海商及国内海商大多实力雄厚,经营海外香药蕃货贸易,规模庞大。同时,许多沿海中小商人、船户船员以及部分官僚贵族也直接或间接参与海外香药蕃货贸易活动。为了解决海外香药贸易资金问题以及共同抵御贸易风险,宋代海商采取了资本与资本的合伙经营以及资本与劳动的合伙经营制度,这无疑是一种较好的制度选择,有利于当时海外香药贸易的发展。另外,丰厚利润驱使、东南亚诸国与宋代之间经济差异互补、市舶抽解博买过重、沿海地区地缘特点等诸因素也使得宋代海外香药走私贸易一直持续不衰。宋代政府香药禁榷经营。一方面接受海外和西域诸国的香药朝贡贸易；另一方面市舶抽解博买香药,由此专门设置香药库,并由榷货务批发香药和直接销售香药,获得的收入甚厚,在财政总收入中的比率高达2-3%左右。香药收入在缓解宋代政府财政困境中发挥了重要作用。宋代政府在当时整个香药业经济发展过程中扮演了管理者和经营者的双重角色,并起到了主导的作用。但宋代政府在香药禁榷经营过程中也出现了强买强卖、经营成本费用极高和效率低下、挤占民间香药业发展空间等一些不可避免的弊病。在宋代香药业经济中,政府实行与工商业者共利的经营机制,商人和手工业者获得较大的香药经营空间。宋代民间香药业经济的发展给当时经济社会产生重要的作用：一是在一定程度上扩展和活跃了宋代社会商品流通的市场,增强了商品经济的力量,促进了宋代社会商品经济的繁荣；二是为民众增加了许多就业机会；三是增加了政府的商税收入。宋代香药业经济具有很高的关联度。宋代香药不仅自身在香品、用香器具、香药面脂妆粉等加工生产方面已形成一个很大的产业,而且还运用于宋代饮食业、酿酒业、制墨业、制茶业、制药业、陶瓷业、建筑业、器具制作等诸多产业的加工生产,并发挥了重要作用,在很大程度上丰富了这些产业的内容,为这些产业的发展增添了新鲜的活力,促进了这些产业经济的发展。香药消费既是宋代香药业经济的终点,又是起点。宋代香药除上层社会官僚贵族奢侈消费外,也开始大量进入下层社会平民百姓日常生活中消费使用。宋代政府公务活动、医疗保健、佛道宗教生活等都离不开香药消费。香药消费在宋代社会生活中已成为大众化的消费,社会消费需求巨大,成为宋代社会总消费的一个重要组成部分。可以说,巨大的香药消费为宋代香药业经济的发展提供了源源不断的动力。宋代香药业经济是仅次于盐业、茶业、酒业等之外的一大产业经济,是宋代社会经济的一个有机组成部分,在宋代社会经济中占有重要的地位。
[Abstract]:In the Song Dynasty , the trade , traffic , processing , production and sales of Xiangyao in the Song Dynasty had formed an important economic and pharmaceutical economy . This article has made an investigation into the economy of the Song Dynasty from the aspects of the trade of the fragrant medicine in the Song Dynasty and the trade between the folk medicine , the government ' s ban on the fragrant medicines , the sales of the folk medicine and the production and processing , the association between the fragrance and medicine industry and other industries , the consumption of the fragrance medicine in the Song Dynasty society , etc .

In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty , the rulers actively encouraged the government to trade in tribute to the political demands of Guwei . After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty , the government of Song Dynasty had to take a pragmatic attitude towards the trade of incense medicine and pay attention to its own trade interests .

In order to solve the problem of foreign trade finance and to resist trade risks , many coastal middle - and small - sized businessmen , boatmen ' s crew members and some bureaucratic aristocrats are also directly or indirectly involved in the overseas Chinese drug trade . In order to solve the problem of foreign trade finance and to resist trade risks , the Song Dynasty has adopted the partnership of capital and capital and the partnership operation system of capital and labor .

On the one hand , the government of the Song Dynasty accepts foreign and western medicine to pay tribute trade ;
The government in the Song Dynasty played an important role in alleviating the financial distress of the government in the Song Dynasty .

In the economy of the Song Dynasty , the government carries out the operation mechanism of the common interests of the business people , the businessman and the hand - industrial person get the big fragrant medicine business space . The development of the folk medicine industry economy in the Song Dynasty has played an important role in the economy and society at that time . First , the market of the social commodity circulation in the Song Dynasty is expanded and active to a certain extent , the power of the commodity economy is enhanced , and the prosperity of the social commodity economy in the Song Dynasty is promoted ;
( b ) Increasing employment opportunities for the population ;
The third is to increase the government ' s business tax revenue .

The Song Dynasty fragrant medicine has formed a great industry in the processing and production of the incense products , the fragrant appliances , the fragrant medicinal powder and the like , and has played an important role in the processing and production of many industries , such as the catering industry , the brewing industry , the manufacturing industry , the tea industry , the pharmaceutical industry , the ceramic industry , the construction industry , and the appliance production , and plays an important role in greatly enriching the contents of the industries , adding fresh vitality to the development of these industries , and promoting the development of these industries .

The consumption of Xiangyao is not only the end point of the economic development of the Song Dynasty , but also the starting point . In addition to the luxury consumption of the upper - level social officialdom , the Song Dynasty has become a major component in the social life of the Song Dynasty . The consumption of Xiang medicine has become an important part of the total consumption of the society in the Song Dynasty .

The economy of the Xiang Pharmaceutical Industry in the Song Dynasty is a major industrial economy after salt industry , tea industry and wine industry . It is an integral part of the social economy in the Song Dynasty , which plays an important role in the social economy of the Song Dynasty .

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K244;F426.72

【参考文献】