汉晋之际乡里秩序及其维持研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 13:08

本文选题：汉晋 + 乡里秩序　；参考：《华中师范大学》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：汉末至两晋是乡里秩序的维护模式有明显变化的年代。东汉时期,崛起的豪族以担任乡官里吏的方式与政府相结合,共同维持着乡里秩序。东汉末年的天下大乱打破了这样的局面。战乱之中,政府的基层管理机构或缺失或力量不足。豪强大族以其宗族的势力以及归附的乡里平民筑坞堡共同抵御来犯之敌,形成战时的特殊基层组织。豪强大族是该基层组织秩序的主要维持者。为了解决食粮问题,地方割据势力建立屯田制,以屯田官吏管理其中的平民。所以,在汉末战乱之中,豪强大族、屯田官吏以及和平地区的乡里官吏共同维持着乡里秩序。西晋对乡里社会进行了整顿,与政府相结合的豪族又成为乡里秩序的主要维护者,然而很快又进入乱世。战乱之中,坞堡大量出现,受战乱影响的地区又进入了平民依靠豪族筑坞堡生存的状态。豪族又成为基层组织的领袖。乡村是农业社会的基础,理清汉末至两晋时期乡里秩序变化的基本脉络,对正确理解汉晋社会的发展有重要的意义。这段时期乡里秩序的变化情况是个值得研究的课题。本文将结合宗族、宗教、自然灾害以及盗贼与仇杀等方面因素,理清我国东汉至两晋时期乡里秩序的变迁。宗族与乡里秩序。东汉魏晋统治者多采取怀柔地方大族的政策,致使宗族从两汉之际开始逐渐强盛起来。以血缘关系为纽带形成的宗族是个较为安定有序的群体。族内长幼有序,有困难时能相互救济,和睦相处,共同服从于族长的领导。战乱时期,族长或带领族人迁徙到安全之地,或团结族人与乡里之民筑坞堡艰难地在战乱中生存。宗族以其在地方的强大势力和权威对乡里秩序的稳定有积极的作用。然而宗族之中屡屡有人出为盗贼,对乡里秩序的稳定造成一定程度的破坏。宗教与乡里秩序。“罢黜百家、独尊儒术”之后,儒家思想渐渐深入人心。儒家所主张的道德观念成为人们为人处事的基本准则,对乡里秩序的稳定也就有重要意义。汉晋之际的战乱没有从根本上改变儒家思想在当时人们心中的地位。道教与佛教也在东汉末年兴起。道佛两教都借助灾害的契机逐渐发展壮大。道教对在苦难之中的汉末平民百姓有一定的帮助,也就对乡里秩序的稳定有一定的积极作用。佛教在东汉和三国时期对乡里社会的影响较小。两晋时期,佛教对乡里秩序的稳定有一定的积极作用。自然灾害、疾疫与乡里秩序。汉晋之际是个自然灾害与疾疫频繁的年代。自然灾害在不同的程度上均会对人们的生命与财产安全产生威胁,从而破坏了乡里秩序。疾疫能造成大量人员感染从而对平民生命构成重大威胁。鉴于汉晋时期的社会发展水平,时人大多把灾害与疾疫视为上天对人们行为有过错的警示。于是皇帝反省自己的过失,很多当权大臣也被罢免。同时,官府也采取了一些切合实际的赈灾措施。灾害与疾疫对乡里秩序造成的破坏是除战争之外的其它因素所不能比拟的。盗贼、仇杀与乡里秩序。盗贼有横行乡里的轻狂之徒和出没于山泽之中的山贼、水贼。因各方面原因,汉末魏晋时期有很多盗贼。他们常常劫掠财物,对乡里社会造成严重的破坏。这两种盗贼出现的原因不同,前者是由于主观的贪婪而劫掠财物的不法之徒,后者则是生活无以为继而被迫聚集在山泽之中平民百姓。官府采取不同的措施应对他们。然而,虽然汉晋政府都积极打击盗贼,但似乎难以从根本从解决问题。汉晋时期是个复仇盛行的年代,作为官方哲学的儒家思想又为复仇提供了一定的正当性。互相仇杀也是造成社会秩序不稳定的一个重要因素。
[Abstract]:From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty was an era of obvious change in the maintenance mode of the order in the countryside. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rise of the ethnic minority in the way of serving as a local official was combined with the government to maintain the order of the country. In the last year of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the great disorder broke the situation. In the war, the government's grass-roots management institutions were lacking or lacking power. In order to solve the food problem, the local separatist forces established the system of Tuen Tian and the Tuen Tian officials to manage the civilians in order to solve the food problem. So, in the late Han Dynasty, the war was in chaos in the Han Dynasty. In the middle of the world, the big and powerful people, the Tuen Tuan officials and the local officials in the peace area jointly maintain the rural order. The Western Jin Dynasty has rectified the rural society, and the Hao nationality, which is combined with the government, has become the main maintainer of the rural order. However, it quickly enters the chaos. In the war, the dock burger appeared and the areas affected by the war entered the civilian dependence. The country is the foundation of the grass-roots organization. The rural is the foundation of the agricultural society. It is of great significance to understand the development of the social order of the Han and Jin Dynasties in the period of the period from the end of the Han to the Jin Dynasty. In the aspects of patriarchal clan, religion, natural calamity and thieves and enemy killing, the changes of the order of the countryside in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty were cleared up. The rulers of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties adopted the policy of Huairou local great ethnic groups, causing the clan to gradually flourished from the time of the Han Dynasty. A relatively stable and orderly group. The family was in order, in a difficult time, with mutual relief, harmony, and joint obedience to the leader of the chief of the clan. In the period of the war, the patriarch or the ethnic group moved to a safe place, or united the people and the villagers to build up the fort in the war. The stability of the preface has a positive effect. However, there are many people among the clans who have been out for the thieves, which has caused a certain degree of destruction to the stability of the country's order. The stability of the order was also of great significance. The war in the Han and Jin Dynasties did not fundamentally change the position of Confucianism in the hearts of the people at that time. Taoism and Buddhism also rose in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Taoist two religions developed gradually with the help of disaster. Taoism has certain help to the people of the people in the end of the Han Dynasty and the rank of the country. The stability of the preface has a certain positive effect. Buddhism has little influence on the local society during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. In the Jin Dynasty, Buddhism had certain positive effects on the stability of the rural order. Natural disasters, the epidemic and the rural order. The natural calamity and the epidemic of the epidemic were frequent in the Han and Jin Dynasties. People's life and property security threats, thus destroying the country's order. The epidemic can cause a large number of personnel and thus constitute a major threat to the lives of civilians. In view of the social development level of the Han and Jin Dynasties, most people regarded the disaster and disease as a warning to the fault of the people's behavior. The government has also been dismissal. At the same time, the government has also taken some practical relief measures. The destruction caused by the disaster and the epidemic is incomparable to other factors other than the war. The thieves, the enemy and the country order. The thieves have the frivolous apprentice in the countryside and the thieves, the water thieves, the water thieves. There were many thieves at the end of the Han and Wei Jin Dynasties. They often plundered the property and caused serious damage to the country's society. The reasons for the two thieves were different. The former was the unlawfully robbed of the property because of the subjective greed, and the latter was forced to gather in the mountains. Measures should be taken to deal with them. However, although the government of the Han and Jin Dynasties was active in combating thieves, it seemed difficult to solve the problem fundamentally. The Han and Jin period was an age of vengeance, and the Confucian thought, as the official philosophy, provided a certain justification for revenge.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K23

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