清前期越南人入华避难事件述论

发布时间：2018-07-02 12:29

本文选题：清朝 + 越南　；参考：《山东师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 古代中国经济繁荣,政治力量强大,文明高度发达,为周边的国家所仰慕,吸引着他们和中国交往,向中国学习,并主动和中国建立起宗藩关系,以寻求中国的保护。中越两国是邻邦,宗藩关系也延续了近千年,清朝开始统治中国后,越南统治集团就积极与清朝建立宗藩关系,除了期望从宗主国获得政治、经济利益和引进先进的文化外,还有一个重要的考虑,即通过与清朝建立这一象征性地臣属关系,争得自己在本国的正统与合法地位,同时维护本国的稳定和安全。对清朝来说,它可满足中国封建统治者“天朝上国”的心理需求,同时中国也需要越南作为巩固边防的一道屏障。这一时期,越南国内存在多个政权,经常发生争夺统治权的战争,政权更迭频繁。清朝与越南宗藩关系的建立也经历了一个曲折的过程,最初与安南黎朝的一元关系,发展到与西山朝建立宗藩关系,到最后与越南阮朝确立宗藩关系。中越两国边界绵延千里,越南国内的战乱频繁,越南各种反政府武装或割据势力败亡之后,其头目就往往借地利之便,越界进入中国避难,请求宗主国之保护。例如莫氏、黎氏及其宗室成员就两次入华请求清政府的保护,这些人员是受过清廷册封的,作为宗主国清政府采取谨慎的态度。先是妥善安置他们,根据越南局势的变化,清朝的态度和立场则随之改变。除此之外在康熙至乾隆年间,还有一些地方割据势力的眷属和部下,例如武公俊、麻福淀、矣长,农民起义的领袖黄公缵、土司家眷等入华避难。对这些人员,清政府以不破坏同安南的宗藩关系为原则,根据不同情况,采取不同的处理措施。例如,麻福淀和武公俊是黎朝有罪之人,如果将其收留,显然不利于双方关系的发展,因此,清朝政府不予收留,而是应黎朝之请,将其解送回国,由黎朝自行处置。清朝作为越南的宗主国,对于那些因战乱等原因投奔中国的越南避难者,清朝往往出于宗藩道义,给他们提供帮助;同时也是从自身现实利益出发,避免不必要的武力冲突和财力损失,在维护越南局势稳定的前提下,确保边境安全无忧。但是当宗藩道义与现实利益发生冲突时,也会做出相应的调整,将现实利益置于宗藩道义之上。
[Abstract]:Ancient China was prosperous in economy, powerful in politics and highly developed in civilization. It was admired by the neighboring countries, attracted them to contact with China, learned from China, and took the initiative to establish a suzerain-vassal relationship with China in order to seek China's protection. China and Vietnam are neighbors, and suzerain-vassal relations have continued for nearly a thousand years.After the Qing Dynasty began to rule China, the Vietnamese ruling group actively established suzerain-vassal relations with the Qing Dynasty, in addition to expecting political, economic benefits and the introduction of advanced culture from the sovereign state. There is also an important consideration that through establishing this symbolic subordinate relationship with the Qing Dynasty, we can gain their orthodoxy and legal status in their own country, while maintaining the stability and security of their own country. For the Qing Dynasty, it can satisfy the psychological needs of the feudal rulers of China, and China also needs Vietnam as a barrier to consolidate the frontier defense. During this period, there were many regimes in Vietnam. The establishment of the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam also experienced a tortuous process. At first, the monistic relationship with Annan and Li Dynasty developed to establish the suzerain-vassal relationship with the West Mountain Dynasty, and finally with the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam to establish the suzerain-vassal relationship. The border between China and Vietnam extends for thousands of miles, and Vietnam's internal war is frequent. After the defeat of various rebel forces or separatist forces in Vietnam, its leaders often take advantage of their geographical location to cross the border to seek refuge in China and request the protection of the sovereign state. For example, Mo, Li and his family members applied for the protection of the Qing government on two occasions. These people were canonized by the Qing Dynasty and took a cautious attitude as the sovereign state of the Qing government. First, they were properly placed, and the attitude and position of the Qing Dynasty changed according to the changes in Vietnam. In addition, during the period from Kangxi to Qianlong, there were families and subordinates of some local separatist forces, such as Wu Gongjun, Ma Fudian, long, the leader of the peasant uprising, Huang Gong Zan, and the families of the Tusi families, who had taken refuge in China. The Qing government took different measures to deal with these personnel according to different situations, on the principle of not destroying the Suzerain-vassal relationship of Tong an Nan. For example, Mafu Dian and Wu Gongjun are guilty of Li Chao. If they are taken in, it is obviously not conducive to the development of bilateral relations. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty government refused to accept them. Instead, at the request of the Li Dynasty, they were sent back to China for their own disposal. As the sovereign state of Vietnam, the Qing Dynasty, for those Vietnamese asylum seekers who had gone to China for reasons such as the war turmoil, often offered them assistance out of suzerainty morality; at the same time, they set out from their own realistic interests. To avoid unnecessary armed conflict and loss of financial resources, while maintaining the stability of Vietnam, to ensure the security of the border. However, when the suzerainty-vassal morality conflicts with the real interests, it will make corresponding adjustments and put the real interests above the suzerainty-vassal morality.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K249

【参考文献】