平南王与清初广东的对外交往

发布时间：2018-07-13 11:31

【摘要】：满清入关之初,南部中国叛服不定,反清势力活跃,清廷基于自身兵力的不足,继承并发展了自皇太极以来团结汉官的政策,在南部边疆实行“藩镇体制”,利用前明投降的汉人独立军团,稳固满洲贵族对南中国的统治。从顺治七年,到康熙十九年,平南王尚氏主导着广东政治,是广东地方的头号当权派。清初继承了明代的“海禁”政策,并在明郑反清势力的压力下,不断强化升级。以“迁界”为标志,清代的海禁政策分为顺治朝与康熙朝两期,顺治朝实行“限制性下海”;康熙朝实行以迁界为手段的“无许片帆入海”。迁界令要求濒海居民在短时间内无条件全部内迁,且“片板不许下水、粒货不许越疆”,给沿海人民制造了巨大的民生灾难,广东省尤甚。尽管对升级强化的“海禁”政策不以为然,但面对着清初国家对地方社会的强大执行力,作为满洲贵族统治的忠实拥趸,尚可喜还是尽力地履行了自身的职责,另一方面,尚氏也积极的发挥了地方能动性,在“澳门免迁”,“康熙七年提请复界”,“康熙十七年广东不迁”的事件中,努力发挥作用,影响国家决策。尚氏对海禁政策的否定态度,绝不仅是出于对粤省沿海百姓的民生考虑。尚藩源于明末辽东东江镇,自带明朝长城沿线卫所军人操纵走私贸易的传统,来到广东,顺其自然的把持了粤省的对外贸易,“片板不许下水”式的海禁会妨碍广东海上贸易的发展,这或许是尚氏反对海禁政策更重要的原因。自顺治十年起,深谙海外贸易之道且“性贪好利”的尚可喜,就通过其控制下的广东盐市系统和藩下“王商”,把持暹罗、荷兰的对华朝贡贸易及与东亚各国的海外贸易,而与荷兰的走私贸易也在虎门秘密进行。顺治十二年后,南明势力一蹶不振,清廷对广东的统治逐渐稳固,平南王在广东的地位亦水涨船高。顺治十七后,靖藩移镇福建,广东更是成了尚氏家族的“独立王国”。尚可喜暮年骄恣,子女颇多,诸子皆不法,庞大的家族及其藩下家人,构成了对经济资源的巨大需求。康熙元年起,“海禁”升级,但尚藩控制下的海上贸易并未因此受挫,“好利益甚”的平南王,利令智昏,凭借自身在粤省的权势,冒禁下澳贸易,利用藩下“王商”违法出海往贩东亚各国,在澳门附近海域大肆走私,在这一特殊时期,尚家几乎垄断了粤省全部的对外贸易。广东自古以来是中外交往的要道,有着悠久的对外贸易传统,清初严厉的海禁,对广东的对外贸易与交往是个不小的打击,尚藩利用特权控制的走私贸易,尽管利入私家,但客观上却维系了过渡时期广东与外界的交流,这为后来清朝的开海设关,重建与东南亚各国的贸易往来,打下基础。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the rebellion of the southern China was indeterminate and the anti Qing forces were active. The Qing government, based on the shortage of its own forces, inherited and developed the policy of solidarity with the Han officials since the emperor Taiji. In the southern frontier, the "feudal system" was carried out in the southern frontier, and the independent legion of Han people, which was capitulation of the former Ming Dynasty, was used to stabilize the rule of the southern China by the Manchuria aristocrats. From the seven years of Shunzhi to Kang, In the nineteen years of hee nineteen, the king of Pingnan, who led the politics of Guangdong, was the leading power of Guangdong. In the early Qing Dynasty, he inherited the policy of "sea ban" in the Ming Dynasty and strengthened its escalation under the pressure of Ming Zheng's anti forces. "No one sail into the sea" by Kangxi. The relocation order required the residents to move unconditionally in a short period of time, and "the plates are not allowed to go into the water, and the grain is not allowed to be more Xinjiang", which creates a huge disaster for the people of the coastal areas, especially in Guangdong. As a loyal fan of the Manchuria aristocracy, as a loyal fan of the aristocracy of the nobility in the early Qing Dynasty, he was still pleased to perform his own duties. On the other hand, he also played a positive role in the local initiative. In the event of "Kangxi exempts the migration in Macao", "Kangxi brought back to the border in seven years" and "Kangxi does not move to Guangdong in seventeen years". The negative attitude towards the national policy is not only out of consideration for the people's livelihood of the coastal people in Guangdong Province, but also from the east Jiang town of Liaodong in the late Ming Dynasty, with the tradition of handling smuggling trade by the soldiers along the the Great Wall along the Ming Dynasty, coming to Guangdong to control the foreign trade of Guangdong Province, "the plate is not allowed to go down." The water "water ban" will impede the development of Guangdong's maritime trade, which may be a more important reason for the anti sea ban policy. Since the ten years of Shunzhi, it is very familiar with the way of foreign trade and "sexual greedy". Through the control of the Guangdong salt market system and the "King merchant" under the vassal state under its control, the tribute trade and tribute trade between Siam and Holland are held and held. The foreign trade of the East Asian countries, while the smuggling trade with Holland was also secretly carried out in Humen. After twelve years of Shunzhi, the power of Nanming was unable to recover, the government of the Qing government was stable to Guangdong, and the status of Pingnan king in Guangdong was also rising. After seventeen Shunzhi, Jing fan moved to Fujian and Guangdong became the "single kingdom" of the Shang family. After the year of Kangxi, the maritime trade under the control of the vassal has not been frustrated. In this special period, the family almost monopolized all the foreign trade in Macao province. Since ancient times, Guangdong has been the key to the foreign trade between China and foreign countries. Since ancient times, Guangdong has a long tradition of foreign trade, the strict maritime ban in the early Qing Dynasty, and the foreign trade and communication to Guangdong. The smuggling trade, which was controlled by the privileges, was not a small blow, but although it became private, it objectively maintained the exchange between Guangdong and the outside world in the transition period, which was the basis for the later Qing Dynasty to open the sea and rebuild its trade with the countries of Southeast Asia.
【学位授予单位】：广东省社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K249

【相似文献】