明代名臣刘健研究
发布时间：2018-07-29 14:29
【摘要】：明王朝是在元末农民起义基础上,由农民出身而深受封建地主阶级思想影响的朱元璋创建的一个延承封建宗法社会关系和君主专制政治统治的封建王朝。经过明前期诸帝调整生产关系,缓和社会矛盾,恢复和发展经济,以及强化君主专制,确立程朱理学在意识形态中的主导地位等等政策和措施的实行,不仅重建和稳定了封建社会的基本秩序,并且大大推进了封建社会在各个方面的深入发展,形成明前期的盛世局面。然而,自明英宗正统时期开始直到正德年间,封建社会固有的各种矛盾日益激化。豪强地主强占土地,农民流离失所,起义频起。统治阶级内部争权夺利的斗争也日趋激烈。尤其是皇权控制下,以司礼监与内阁为代表的内廷宦官势力与外朝文官集团之间权力地位的争夺与转换,直接影响着朝政的治乱兴衰,从而形成这一时期明王朝动荡纷乱的政治局面。期间虽曾有过被后人誉为“弘治中兴”的短暂稳定,却最终难以挽阻封建统治危机不断深化的趋势。 明代名臣刘健就生活在这个由前期盛世向后期衰败转变过程中的,被称为“动荡衰微”的明代前中期。 宣德八年(公元1433),刘健出生于河南府洛阳县西南部一个普通的地主家庭。当时的洛阳刘氏家族和当地其他许多家族一样在长期农耕经济方式和儒家伦理思想文化影响下,形成了勤俭朴质、直道行事,恭行孝义、和睦乡邻,重视读书求学、尊崇正统儒教的风尚。这种氛围对刘健个性的形成产生着深刻的影响。和当时许多士子一样,刘健自幼便在洛阳那种充满理学风尚的文化氛围里,在学术与科举相结合的求学过程中接受了儒家那种人格精神和思想意识的培养。在刘健早期的社会交往中,如阎禹锡、白良辅那样的洛中理学名士,或如毕享、许进那样以理学为学习内容的科举士子,甚至如赵锡、李祥那样在日常生活中体现儒家礼教风范的人物,都曾对刘健个性成长产生了深刻的影响,更强化了他以理学为宗、注重践履的政治意识和思想品格。 明英宗天顺四年(公元1460),刘健中进士,改庶吉士,入翰林。自此开始了其长达46年的仕政历程。在第一阶段16年的翰林生涯中,刘健只是作为一名普通的史官,主要从事编撰典籍、侍从讲读、主考乡试,以及其它书记类事务。成化十二年(公元1476),他升右谕德,次年转左庶子,9年后升任少詹事。这期间虽然仍从事修书、讲读,主考等“不关政本”的事务,但作为东宫属官,却使他得以与皇太子朱yP樘,即未来的明孝宗之间建立了非同一般的关系,这为他后来在孝宗时期政治上施展抱负奠定了基础。成化二十三年(1487)十一月,孝宗即位不久即擢刘健为礼部右侍郎兼翰林学士,入内阁参预机务,从此终孝宗之世。刘健在内阁以其独有的严谨认真、果敢善断、不偏不倚的为政风格,发挥着劝谏启沃、辅养君德,论思建言、赞画政务的作用。在辅成“弘治中兴”中写下其政治生涯中浓墨重彩的一页。 孝宗驾崩后,刘健以顾命元臣的身份,与同官李东阳、谢迁等在武宗初政时期,以新皇即位诏书为纲领,实行了一系列宽恤民力、安抚流民、清查皇庄、抑制兼并、裁汰冗滥、节省开支,以及其它清理弊政的政策与措施,从而使朝政一度呈现“新政”气象。但由于武宗宠信内侍宦官,日事游逸娱乐,不仅使“新政”举步惟艰,且使刘健等人的地位岌岌可危,其职权作用的发挥受到严重影响和限制。在率领文官集团反对宦官势力失败的情形下,刘健被迫致仕,结束了他的仕政历程。但在宦官擅权乱政的形势下,他仍被榜为“奸党”之首,削爵夺敕。直到明世宗即位后,才完全恢复他原有的政治地位和待遇。 刘健历事明英宗、宪宗、孝宗、武宗、世宗五朝。他与孝宗间长期的师生之谊、致政意识的一致性,以及个性的互补等因素,形成君臣间较为融洽和谐的关系。这奠定了辅成“弘治中兴”的重要基础和条件。但他谨守儒学传统,执着于致政追求的风格却与自幼好逸乐,无视礼教规范和传统君德的武宗之间极易产生矛盾与冲突。正是这种矛盾和冲突最终导致了刘健等文官集团与宦官势力斗争中的失败,并由此宣告了刘健政治生涯的结束。 刘健与其他朝臣间的关系在不同时期因其政治地位和交往方式的不同而有所差别,但无论是在天顺、成化年间受朝中重臣如李贤、彭时等人的器重,或是在弘治、正德年间与徐溥、李东阳、谢迁等阁臣的融洽,抑或是与王恕、马文升、刘大夏、韩文、白昂、闵硅、.戴珊等部院诸卿之间的协调,以及在后期为政中受到许多后辈官员政治上的支持等等,都在相当程度上有赖于其致政意识中的共性基础。当然,因年资、经历的差别,以及同年、乡故的特殊关系,刘健也确与某些朝臣之间具有亲疏不同的私人关系,如与张元祯、祁顺、郑纪间的知交,与丘浚、程敏政、吴宽、李梦阳、何景明等人间的某种隔阂,与焦芳之间的仇隙等等。这些在实际上都对刘健的政治活动产生或多或少,或深或浅的影响。但总的来看,刘健谨守规矩的风格限制了他在朝廷人事方面过多施加个人的影响。而他疏于识人之偏向,也并未造成对朝政事务较大的影响。 刘健存世的著述并不丰富,但从中仍可看出其“以道事君”、追求致政的政治意识,以及崇儒兴学、注重实政实务,摒弃佛道异教的思想倾向。这种思想意识与他在文作上崇义理、信礼教,重实务,轻虚饰的风尚是相通相应的。刘健著述的体裁以奏疏及实政碑记类为主,也时常有诗文之作。而这些诗文作品大都与其政务活动相关,单纯应酬性、消闲性诗文在刘健著述中极为少见。刘健的著述在语言风格上所表现的刚正气势,也与他端谨严正的个性与为政风格是一致的。 明清时期官方和民间对刘健的认识,虽因朝代不同或官、私立场角度差别而在一些具体评述中呈现不同特色和风格,但就其政治功绩、人品、个性,及为人处事作风、识见、文才等多方面,大多给予了正面肯定和赞扬。但是,随着近代以来社会变革和人们政治观念的深刻变化,刘健作为历史名臣的形象逐渐隐没于人们的视野之外,只剩下民间传说中还演绎着以前的片断史迹。至于当代,在“大众史学”与戏说历史以及史学领域,对刘健的关注正日益增加,并由此引发着对其进行全面的认识和研究。 通过对刘健个性、思想意识、政治作为及其影响的多角度、多层次考察与分析可以得出结论：刘健的确无愧于封建社会一代名臣的政治形象。他“以道事君,不可则止”的气节、执着于儒家政治理想的追求、以及践履封建礼教的道德品格和风尚,至今也有令人敬佩之处。然而,正因为他秉承着儒家君臣意识又自觉地接受封建专制主义政治的制约和规范,从而注定了他的政治理想不仅不能最终实现,甚至连他个人的命运也受到严重的影响和制约。他政治生涯兴败起落的巨大反差,正是封建君主专制政治背景下政治人物命运的典型写照。可见,人的个性的全面解放必有赖于社会的全面进步,尤其是社会政治的不断进步。这便是研究刘健对当今社会政治建设的一种启示。
[Abstract]:On the basis of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was created by Zhu Yuanzhang, which was created by the peasants' birth and influenced by the feudal landlord class thought. The feudal dynasty extended the feudal patriarchal social relations and the monarchy ruled by the monarchy. After the early Ming Dynasty, the various emperors adjusted the relations of production, alleviated social contradictions, restored and developed the economy, and strengthened the monarchy. The implementation of the policy and measures, such as the establishment of the dominant position of Cheng Zhu in ideology, not only rebuilt and stabilized the basic order of the feudal society, but also greatly promoted the deep development of feudal society in all aspects and formed the prosperous situation in the early Ming Dynasty. However, since the period of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy, the feudal society was in the middle of the feudal society. The inherent contradictions are becoming more and more intense. The strong landlords occupy the land, the peasants are displaced and the uprising is frequent. The struggle for power and power in the ruling class is increasingly fierce. Especially under the control of the imperial power, the contention and transformation of the power status between the imperial eunuch force and the external civil service group, represented by the imperial supervision and the cabinet, has a direct influence on the power position. The political turmoil and rise and fall of the dynasty formed the political situation of the turmoil and chaos of the Ming Dynasty. Although there had been a brief stability called "Hongzhi Zhongxing" in the future, it was difficult to save the trend of the deepening of the crisis of feudal rule.
Liu Jian, a famous minister in Ming Dynasty, lived in the middle and early period of Ming Dynasty, which was called "turbulence and decline" in the process of transformation from early prosperity to later decline.
During the eight years of Xuan de (1433 AD), Liu Jian was born in a common landlord family in the southwestern part of Luoyang County, Henan. At that time, the Liu family of Luoyang, like many other local families, formed a simple, honest, simple and simple way of doing things in the long farming economy and Confucian ethical and ideological culture. The atmosphere of orthodox Confucianism has a profound influence on the formation of Liu Jian's personality. Like many scholars at that time, Liu Jian had been in the cultural atmosphere of Luoyang, which was full of Neo Confucianism, and accepted the cultivation of the Confucian personality and ideological consciousness in the course of learning and the imperial examination. In Liu Jianzao In the period of social interaction, such as Yan Yuxi and Shira Suke, such as Luo Zhong scholar of Neo Confucianism, or such as Bi enjoy, Xu Jin, and even Zhao Xi and Li Xiang, which embodied the style of Confucian etiquette in his daily life, had a profound influence on the length of Liu Jian's personality, and strengthened his theory as a sect. We should pay attention to the political consciousness and ideological character of the practice.
Ming Yingzong was four years (AD 1460), Liu Jianzhong entered scholar, changed the concubine and entered Hanlin. Since then, he began his 46 year career in political affairs. During the first 16 years of his career, Liu Jian was only a common historian, mainly engaged in compilation of books, attendants, local examinations, and other secretaries. Twelve years (AD 1). 476) he ascended to the right Oracle and turned left concubine in the following year, and was promoted to less Zhan after 9 years. Although he still engaged in the work of repairing books, reading, and examiners, he was able to establish a different relationship with the Emperor Zhu yP, that is, the future of the Ming Dynasty. Aspiration laid the foundation. In twenty-three years (1487) in November, Xiao Zong was soon promoted to Liu Jian as the right service of the ritual department and the Bachelor of Hanlin. He entered the cabinet to participate in the service of the machine, and from then on. Liu Jian was in the cabinet with its unique conscientious and conscientious, resolute and unbiased political style. Draw the role of government. In the auxiliary "Hongzhi ZTE", write a page in his political career.
After the disintegration of Xiao Zong, Liu Jian, with the identity of Yuan Chen, and the official Li Dongyang and Xie moved in the early political period of Wu Zong, took the new emperor's imperial edict as the programme, and carried out a series of broad shirts, appeasing the people, checking the Royal Zhuang, restraining the merger, reducing the redundancy, saving the expenses, and its policies and measures to clean up the maladministration, thus making the government at one time " The new deal "weather", but because of Wu Zong's favour of eunuchs, the daily business entertainment, not only makes the "New Deal" difficult, and makes the position of Liu Jian and others in jeopardy, the role of his function is seriously affected and restricted. Under the situation of leading the civil service group against the failure of eunuchs, Liu Jian was forced to be an official and ended his political process. But in the situation of unauthorized political affairs of the eunuchs, he was still listed as the first of the "rape" and chipping the Duke to seize the imperial edict.
In Liu Jian, Ming Yingzong, Zong Zong, Xiao Zong, Wu Zong and Shi Zong Five Dynasties. He formed a harmonious and harmonious relationship with the long-term friendship between teachers and students, the consistency of political consciousness and the complementarity of personality. This laid the important foundation and conditions of the "Hongzhi Zhongxing". But he kept the Confucian tradition and insisted on the pursuit of political pursuit. However, the contradiction and conflict between the norms of the etiquette and the traditional Emperor Wu Zong, which eventually led to the failure of the civil service group such as Liu Jian and the eunuchs, and thus declared the end of Liu Jian's political career.
The relationship between Liu Jian and other courtiers differs in different periods because of its different political status and mode of communication. However, whether it is in the days of Shun, the heavy officials of the dynasty, such as Li Xian, Peng Shi and others, or in Hongzhi, Xu Pu, Li Dongyang, Xie Qian and other courtiers, or with Wang Shu, Ma Wensheng, Liu Daxia, The coordination between Han Wen, Bai ang, min Si, and Dai Shan, as well as the political support of many later generations of officials in the administration, and so on, depend to a considerable extent on the common basis of their political consciousness. Of course, Liu Jian is also with some of the courtiers for the difference in the year, the difference of experience, and the special relationship between the same year and the hometown. Private relations, such as Zhang Yuanzhen, Qun Shun, Zheng Jijian, and Qiu dredge, Cheng Minzheng, Wu Kuan, Li Mengyang, He Jingming and other human beings, such as a gap between the world, and the enemy, and so on. These are in fact the political activities of Liu Jian, or more or less, or deep or shallow influence. But generally speaking, Liu Jian keeps the rules. His style limits his personal influence on the personnel of the court, and his ignorance of people's bias does not cause much impact on the affairs of the state.
The writings of Liu Jian's existence are not abundant, but it can still be seen from it that he is "the king of Tao", the political consciousness of pursuing political affairs, the worship of Confucianism, the practice of political affairs, and the abandoning of the ideological tendency of the Buddhism and Taoism. This ideology is related to his worship in the literary works, the faith in the courtesy, the truth of the truth and the light of the decency. Most of these works are related to the activities of political affairs, and most of these works are related to the activities of government affairs. The simple entertainment and leisure poetry are extremely rare in Liu Jian's writings. Liu Jian's writings in the language style are consistent with his solemn personality and political style.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official and folk knowledge of Liu Jian showed different features and styles in some specific comments because of different dynasties or officials and private field angles. However, most of their political achievements, personality, personality, style of work, literacy, and literary talent were positive affirmation and praise. However, with the modern society, with the modern society The change and the profound change of people's political ideas, Liu Jian's image as a famous historical minister has gradually disappeared from people's vision, only the folklore is still deducted from the previous fragments of history. As for the contemporary, the attention to Liu Jian is increasing in the field of "mass history" and the history of drama and history, and it has caused it to it. Carry out a comprehensive understanding and research.
By analyzing and analyzing Liu Jian's personality, ideological consciousness and politics as well as his influence, we can draw a conclusion that Liu Jian does not deserve to be worthy of the political image of a famous feudal official in feudal society. He is the pursuit of the Confucian political ideal and the moral character of feudal ethics. However, because of his acceptance of the constraints and norms of the feudal autocratic politics, he was doomed to his political ideal not only to be finally realized, but even his personal fate was severely influenced and restrained. His political career was defeated and fallen. The huge contrast is the typical portrayal of the fate of the political figures under the autocratic political background of the feudal monarchy. It is clear that the all-round liberation of human personality depends on the overall progress of the society, especially the continuous progress of social politics. This is a revelation to the study of Liu Jian's social and political construction today.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;K827
本文编号：2152975
[Abstract]:On the basis of the peasant uprising in the late Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was created by Zhu Yuanzhang, which was created by the peasants' birth and influenced by the feudal landlord class thought. The feudal dynasty extended the feudal patriarchal social relations and the monarchy ruled by the monarchy. After the early Ming Dynasty, the various emperors adjusted the relations of production, alleviated social contradictions, restored and developed the economy, and strengthened the monarchy. The implementation of the policy and measures, such as the establishment of the dominant position of Cheng Zhu in ideology, not only rebuilt and stabilized the basic order of the feudal society, but also greatly promoted the deep development of feudal society in all aspects and formed the prosperous situation in the early Ming Dynasty. However, since the period of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy, the feudal society was in the middle of the feudal society. The inherent contradictions are becoming more and more intense. The strong landlords occupy the land, the peasants are displaced and the uprising is frequent. The struggle for power and power in the ruling class is increasingly fierce. Especially under the control of the imperial power, the contention and transformation of the power status between the imperial eunuch force and the external civil service group, represented by the imperial supervision and the cabinet, has a direct influence on the power position. The political turmoil and rise and fall of the dynasty formed the political situation of the turmoil and chaos of the Ming Dynasty. Although there had been a brief stability called "Hongzhi Zhongxing" in the future, it was difficult to save the trend of the deepening of the crisis of feudal rule.
Liu Jian, a famous minister in Ming Dynasty, lived in the middle and early period of Ming Dynasty, which was called "turbulence and decline" in the process of transformation from early prosperity to later decline.
During the eight years of Xuan de (1433 AD), Liu Jian was born in a common landlord family in the southwestern part of Luoyang County, Henan. At that time, the Liu family of Luoyang, like many other local families, formed a simple, honest, simple and simple way of doing things in the long farming economy and Confucian ethical and ideological culture. The atmosphere of orthodox Confucianism has a profound influence on the formation of Liu Jian's personality. Like many scholars at that time, Liu Jian had been in the cultural atmosphere of Luoyang, which was full of Neo Confucianism, and accepted the cultivation of the Confucian personality and ideological consciousness in the course of learning and the imperial examination. In Liu Jianzao In the period of social interaction, such as Yan Yuxi and Shira Suke, such as Luo Zhong scholar of Neo Confucianism, or such as Bi enjoy, Xu Jin, and even Zhao Xi and Li Xiang, which embodied the style of Confucian etiquette in his daily life, had a profound influence on the length of Liu Jian's personality, and strengthened his theory as a sect. We should pay attention to the political consciousness and ideological character of the practice.
Ming Yingzong was four years (AD 1460), Liu Jianzhong entered scholar, changed the concubine and entered Hanlin. Since then, he began his 46 year career in political affairs. During the first 16 years of his career, Liu Jian was only a common historian, mainly engaged in compilation of books, attendants, local examinations, and other secretaries. Twelve years (AD 1). 476) he ascended to the right Oracle and turned left concubine in the following year, and was promoted to less Zhan after 9 years. Although he still engaged in the work of repairing books, reading, and examiners, he was able to establish a different relationship with the Emperor Zhu yP, that is, the future of the Ming Dynasty. Aspiration laid the foundation. In twenty-three years (1487) in November, Xiao Zong was soon promoted to Liu Jian as the right service of the ritual department and the Bachelor of Hanlin. He entered the cabinet to participate in the service of the machine, and from then on. Liu Jian was in the cabinet with its unique conscientious and conscientious, resolute and unbiased political style. Draw the role of government. In the auxiliary "Hongzhi ZTE", write a page in his political career.
After the disintegration of Xiao Zong, Liu Jian, with the identity of Yuan Chen, and the official Li Dongyang and Xie moved in the early political period of Wu Zong, took the new emperor's imperial edict as the programme, and carried out a series of broad shirts, appeasing the people, checking the Royal Zhuang, restraining the merger, reducing the redundancy, saving the expenses, and its policies and measures to clean up the maladministration, thus making the government at one time " The new deal "weather", but because of Wu Zong's favour of eunuchs, the daily business entertainment, not only makes the "New Deal" difficult, and makes the position of Liu Jian and others in jeopardy, the role of his function is seriously affected and restricted. Under the situation of leading the civil service group against the failure of eunuchs, Liu Jian was forced to be an official and ended his political process. But in the situation of unauthorized political affairs of the eunuchs, he was still listed as the first of the "rape" and chipping the Duke to seize the imperial edict.
In Liu Jian, Ming Yingzong, Zong Zong, Xiao Zong, Wu Zong and Shi Zong Five Dynasties. He formed a harmonious and harmonious relationship with the long-term friendship between teachers and students, the consistency of political consciousness and the complementarity of personality. This laid the important foundation and conditions of the "Hongzhi Zhongxing". But he kept the Confucian tradition and insisted on the pursuit of political pursuit. However, the contradiction and conflict between the norms of the etiquette and the traditional Emperor Wu Zong, which eventually led to the failure of the civil service group such as Liu Jian and the eunuchs, and thus declared the end of Liu Jian's political career.
The relationship between Liu Jian and other courtiers differs in different periods because of its different political status and mode of communication. However, whether it is in the days of Shun, the heavy officials of the dynasty, such as Li Xian, Peng Shi and others, or in Hongzhi, Xu Pu, Li Dongyang, Xie Qian and other courtiers, or with Wang Shu, Ma Wensheng, Liu Daxia, The coordination between Han Wen, Bai ang, min Si, and Dai Shan, as well as the political support of many later generations of officials in the administration, and so on, depend to a considerable extent on the common basis of their political consciousness. Of course, Liu Jian is also with some of the courtiers for the difference in the year, the difference of experience, and the special relationship between the same year and the hometown. Private relations, such as Zhang Yuanzhen, Qun Shun, Zheng Jijian, and Qiu dredge, Cheng Minzheng, Wu Kuan, Li Mengyang, He Jingming and other human beings, such as a gap between the world, and the enemy, and so on. These are in fact the political activities of Liu Jian, or more or less, or deep or shallow influence. But generally speaking, Liu Jian keeps the rules. His style limits his personal influence on the personnel of the court, and his ignorance of people's bias does not cause much impact on the affairs of the state.
The writings of Liu Jian's existence are not abundant, but it can still be seen from it that he is "the king of Tao", the political consciousness of pursuing political affairs, the worship of Confucianism, the practice of political affairs, and the abandoning of the ideological tendency of the Buddhism and Taoism. This ideology is related to his worship in the literary works, the faith in the courtesy, the truth of the truth and the light of the decency. Most of these works are related to the activities of political affairs, and most of these works are related to the activities of government affairs. The simple entertainment and leisure poetry are extremely rare in Liu Jian's writings. Liu Jian's writings in the language style are consistent with his solemn personality and political style.
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the official and folk knowledge of Liu Jian showed different features and styles in some specific comments because of different dynasties or officials and private field angles. However, most of their political achievements, personality, personality, style of work, literacy, and literary talent were positive affirmation and praise. However, with the modern society, with the modern society The change and the profound change of people's political ideas, Liu Jian's image as a famous historical minister has gradually disappeared from people's vision, only the folklore is still deducted from the previous fragments of history. As for the contemporary, the attention to Liu Jian is increasing in the field of "mass history" and the history of drama and history, and it has caused it to it. Carry out a comprehensive understanding and research.
By analyzing and analyzing Liu Jian's personality, ideological consciousness and politics as well as his influence, we can draw a conclusion that Liu Jian does not deserve to be worthy of the political image of a famous feudal official in feudal society. He is the pursuit of the Confucian political ideal and the moral character of feudal ethics. However, because of his acceptance of the constraints and norms of the feudal autocratic politics, he was doomed to his political ideal not only to be finally realized, but even his personal fate was severely influenced and restrained. His political career was defeated and fallen. The huge contrast is the typical portrayal of the fate of the political figures under the autocratic political background of the feudal monarchy. It is clear that the all-round liberation of human personality depends on the overall progress of the society, especially the continuous progress of social politics. This is a revelation to the study of Liu Jian's social and political construction today.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K248;K827
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