清代中期徽州山林保护研究
发布时间：2018-08-19 19:46
【摘要】：随着历史车轮的滚滚向前,人与山林之间的关系也处于不断的变化之中,到了清代中期的徽州,山秃林毁、人地矛盾突出等现象比比皆是。对山区徽州而言,山林资源不仅寄托了徽州人溯本追源,敬宗崇祖的情怀,更是徽州人赖以生存的物质基础。能否保护好徽州的山林资源关系到徽州社会的稳定与和谐,因此徽州社会以明文规条的形式将保护山林的规约刊刻于家谱、碑刻、官府告示及契约文书之中,以浅显易懂的文字展示于世人,以奖罚结合的形式约束和规范人们的山林行为,正确引导人们的山林活动,强化人们的护林意识。本文在利用前人研究的基础之上,通过大量的地方志、家谱、碑刻、官府告示以及契约文书等资料,从清代中期徽州山林急需保护的原因,宗族、官府等力量的干预以及山林保护活动实行的主要影响因素及其所引起的社会效应等方面入手,对这一时期徽州山林保护制度进行了探讨。具体地说,本文绪论部分对选题的目的和意义、学术史回顾、研究方法和思路作了介绍。本文主要用三章的篇幅来阐述徽州山林保护,第一章主要通过对历代徽州人均山、田占有量的发展变化,清代中期徽州的棚民问题,林业经济以及社会纠纷与冲突等方面的研究来论述清代中期徽州山林保护的重要性与迫切性。第二章着重分析了清代中期徽州山林保护的具体手段。主要以族规家法、碑刻、合同以及官府告示等史料来分析宗族、官府以及社会团体等力量对徽州林木资源的具体保护。首先重点解决族规家法作为宗族社会的活动准则,具有约束和规范宗族成员行为的作用,为什么徽州还会出现盗砍盗伐、乱砍乱伐等破坏山林的现象的问题;其次从碑刻、合同中挖掘其对徽州林木保护的具体规定;最后强调官府与民间在护林方面的互动,阐述了官府干预林木保护的严肃性和权威性。将官府与宗族在林木保护方面的不同措施进行了比较,归纳出官府干预林木保护的原因。第三章论述了清代中期护林活动实行的影响因素及社会效应。在这一章第一部分主要论述护林活动实行的影响因素,阐述了官府、宗族、自然环境、徽州独特的人文信仰和习俗以及经济因素成为徽州护林活动实行的主要因素。第二部分重点强调护林活动引起的社会效应,它不仅提高了徽州人保护山林的意识,而且凝聚了徽州人心,增强了徽州人宗族文化认同感和徽州地域归属感,使得徽州社会更加团结,更加稳定、和谐。最后一部分为全文总结,强调徽州社会山林保护活动是徽州社会祖祖辈辈集体智慧的结晶,是他们在实践中不断积累,在积累中不断实践,如此循环往复中不断更新与完善,从而对清代中期徽州林木的保护起到了至关重要的作用。
[Abstract]:With the development of history, the relationship between man and forest is in constant change. In Huizhou in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the forest is destroyed and the contradiction between man and land is prominent. For Huizhou mountain area, the mountain forest resources not only trace back the origin of Huizhou people, respect the feelings of ancestor, but also the material basis of Huizhou people's survival. Whether or not to protect the mountain forest resources of Huizhou is related to the stability and harmony of Huizhou society. Therefore, in the form of express rules and regulations, the regulations for protecting mountain forests are engraved in genealogical trees, inscriptions, official notices and contract documents. It can be displayed in the world in plain and easy to understand, restrict and standardize people's mountain forest behavior in the form of combination of rewards and punishments, guide people's mountain forest activities correctly, and strengthen people's consciousness of forest protection. On the basis of previous studies, through a large number of local chronicles, genealogy, inscriptions, official notices and contract documents, this article from the mid-Qing Dynasty Huizhou Mountain Forest urgent protection reasons, clan, The intervention of government and other forces, the main influencing factors of mountain forest protection and the social effect caused by it are discussed in Huizhou mountain forest protection system in this period. Specifically, the introduction of this paper introduces the purpose and significance of the topic, academic history review, research methods and ideas. This article mainly uses three chapters to expound the Huizhou mountain forest protection, the first chapter mainly through the past dynasties Huizhou per capita mountain, the farmland possession quantity development change, in the middle period of the Qing Dynasty Huizhou shed the people question, This paper discusses the importance and urgency of Huizhou mountain forest protection in the middle period of Qing Dynasty through the study of forestry economy and social disputes and conflicts. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of Huizhou mountain forest protection in the middle of Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly analyzes the protection of Huizhou forest resources by clan, government and social organizations with historical materials such as clan rules, inscriptions, contracts and official notices. First of all, we should focus on solving the problem of "clan family law" as the activity criterion of clan society, which has the function of restricting and standardizing the behavior of clan members. Why did Huizhou still appear the phenomenon of destroying mountain forest, such as theft, illegal cutting and so on; secondly, from the inscription of stone inscriptions, Finally, it emphasizes the interaction between government and folk in forest protection, and expounds the seriousness and authority of government intervention in forest protection. This paper compares different measures of forest protection between the government and the clans, and concludes the reasons why the government interferes with the forest protection. The third chapter discusses the influence factors and social effects of forest protection activities in the middle period of Qing Dynasty. The first part of this chapter mainly discusses the influence factors of forest protection activities, and expounds that the government, clan, natural environment, the unique humanistic beliefs and customs of Huizhou as well as economic factors become the main factors of Huizhou forest protection activities. The second part emphasizes the social effect caused by forest protection activities, which not only improves the consciousness of Huizhou people to protect mountain forests, but also condenses the people of Huizhou, strengthens the sense of cultural identity of Huizhou people and the sense of belonging in Huizhou region. Make Huizhou society more United, more stable, harmonious. The last part is a summary of the whole paper, emphasizing that Huizhou social mountain and forest protection activities are the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the ancestral generations of Huizhou society, and they are constantly accumulating in practice and practicing constantly in accumulation, so that they are constantly renewed and perfected in the course of cycle. Thus the protection of Huizhou trees in the middle of Qing Dynasty played a vital role.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F326.29;K249
本文编号：2192651
[Abstract]:With the development of history, the relationship between man and forest is in constant change. In Huizhou in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the forest is destroyed and the contradiction between man and land is prominent. For Huizhou mountain area, the mountain forest resources not only trace back the origin of Huizhou people, respect the feelings of ancestor, but also the material basis of Huizhou people's survival. Whether or not to protect the mountain forest resources of Huizhou is related to the stability and harmony of Huizhou society. Therefore, in the form of express rules and regulations, the regulations for protecting mountain forests are engraved in genealogical trees, inscriptions, official notices and contract documents. It can be displayed in the world in plain and easy to understand, restrict and standardize people's mountain forest behavior in the form of combination of rewards and punishments, guide people's mountain forest activities correctly, and strengthen people's consciousness of forest protection. On the basis of previous studies, through a large number of local chronicles, genealogy, inscriptions, official notices and contract documents, this article from the mid-Qing Dynasty Huizhou Mountain Forest urgent protection reasons, clan, The intervention of government and other forces, the main influencing factors of mountain forest protection and the social effect caused by it are discussed in Huizhou mountain forest protection system in this period. Specifically, the introduction of this paper introduces the purpose and significance of the topic, academic history review, research methods and ideas. This article mainly uses three chapters to expound the Huizhou mountain forest protection, the first chapter mainly through the past dynasties Huizhou per capita mountain, the farmland possession quantity development change, in the middle period of the Qing Dynasty Huizhou shed the people question, This paper discusses the importance and urgency of Huizhou mountain forest protection in the middle period of Qing Dynasty through the study of forestry economy and social disputes and conflicts. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of Huizhou mountain forest protection in the middle of Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly analyzes the protection of Huizhou forest resources by clan, government and social organizations with historical materials such as clan rules, inscriptions, contracts and official notices. First of all, we should focus on solving the problem of "clan family law" as the activity criterion of clan society, which has the function of restricting and standardizing the behavior of clan members. Why did Huizhou still appear the phenomenon of destroying mountain forest, such as theft, illegal cutting and so on; secondly, from the inscription of stone inscriptions, Finally, it emphasizes the interaction between government and folk in forest protection, and expounds the seriousness and authority of government intervention in forest protection. This paper compares different measures of forest protection between the government and the clans, and concludes the reasons why the government interferes with the forest protection. The third chapter discusses the influence factors and social effects of forest protection activities in the middle period of Qing Dynasty. The first part of this chapter mainly discusses the influence factors of forest protection activities, and expounds that the government, clan, natural environment, the unique humanistic beliefs and customs of Huizhou as well as economic factors become the main factors of Huizhou forest protection activities. The second part emphasizes the social effect caused by forest protection activities, which not only improves the consciousness of Huizhou people to protect mountain forests, but also condenses the people of Huizhou, strengthens the sense of cultural identity of Huizhou people and the sense of belonging in Huizhou region. Make Huizhou society more United, more stable, harmonious. The last part is a summary of the whole paper, emphasizing that Huizhou social mountain and forest protection activities are the crystallization of the collective wisdom of the ancestral generations of Huizhou society, and they are constantly accumulating in practice and practicing constantly in accumulation, so that they are constantly renewed and perfected in the course of cycle. Thus the protection of Huizhou trees in the middle of Qing Dynasty played a vital role.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：F326.29;K249
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