元朝四等人制政策对区域农牧业发展的影响
发布时间：2019-02-18 21:43
【摘要】：元朝为蒙古族政权,统治期间制定了很多影响深远的内外政策,为以后的明清两朝特别是清朝提供了很多可供借鉴的经验教训,其中的四等人制政策对元朝的区域农牧业经济发展产生了重要影响。 其实元朝四等人制政策的形成不是偶然的,它是在元政府吸收历朝历代经验教训的基础上,根据自身的需要,在实践的过程中逐步形成的。四等人制政策的形成标志着元朝统治的成熟,是元朝统治者对当时民族融合的肯定和发展,也是统治者汉化的集中表现,对当时全国农牧业经济有重要影响。四等人制政策虽然在内容上有一些不合理的地方,但是它在一定程度上还是符合当时的社会实际情况的。 蒙古人兴起于蒙古高原,世世代代在蒙古草原上繁衍生息,后来蒙古各部落征战不休,到十三世纪初期时,成吉思汗统一了蒙古高原建立了蒙古汗国,接着成吉思汗及其后继者不断进行对外战争,对亚欧大陆各地区造成了极大的破坏。蒙古高原是蒙古人的龙兴之地,也是蒙古人对外战争的基础,同时也是蒙古人的主要聚居区。因此,蒙古统治者对这一地区非常重视,并把蒙古人列为第一等人,规定了很多的特权,并在这一地区大力发展游牧业经济以满足当时国家的各种消费。当时蒙古人与各族人民交流频繁,在蒙古高原地区也有一些面积不大的农业区,这些农业区是作为蒙古人游牧业的补充。 蒙古人在对外征战的过程中,逐渐与色目人联合起来共同对付其他各族人民。在这一过程中,蒙古人不断吸收色目人的文化,同时色目人也帮助蒙古人打仗和治理国家。因此,蒙古人特别优待色目人,把色目人列为第二等人,色目人与蒙古人一样成为统治者,统治剥削着汉人和南人。色目人作为第二等人,除享有很多特权外,元朝统治者还规定了很多的优惠政策以发展色目人地区的农牧业经济,在国家的优惠政策的促进下,色目人地区的农牧业经济都有很大的进步。但是他们利用政府四等人制政策规定的特权大都去经商而不去经营农牧业,对色目人地区的农牧业经济的恢复和发展造成了影响。 蒙古人和色目人在征服中原地区的过程中,大肆屠杀中原汉人,并把大量农田变为牧场,这就极大地破坏了汉人地区的农业经济。由于文化、经济的不同以及汉人的反抗,元朝统治者把汉人列为第三等人,并把汉人作为剥削对象。随着蒙古人汉化的不断深入,特别是四等人制政策的形成,汉人地区农牧业经济进入到了新的发展时期。国家制定了很多的重农措施,大大促进了这一地区的农业经济的恢复和发展,同时由于四等人制的形成使大量的蒙古人和色目人迁移到汉人地区,他们带来了先进的牧业技术,大大促进了汉人地区牧业经济的发展。 随着蒙古统治者汉化的不断深入,他们逐渐认识到农业的重要性。蒙古人在灭亡南宋的过程中加大了对农业的保护力度,注意保护南方文人,不再大肆屠杀汉人,南方经济没有遭到特别大的破坏。但是蒙古人始终没有忘记防范汉人,在四等人制形成以后,把南人归为第四等人范围内,南人处于社会的最底层。国家利用四等人制政策大肆剥削南人,在这种情况下虽然在政府的重农措施下南人地区农业经济有所发展,但是发展得很艰难。在蒙古人游牧习性的促使及四等人制政策的帮助下,国家为了维护统治,在南人地区建立了很多的牧场,这些牧场虽然阻碍了南人地区农业的发展,但是这些牧场为国家输送了大量的马匹,保证了国家的需求,同时在一定程度上也促进了南人地区牧业发展。
[Abstract]:The Yuan Dynasty, as the Mongolian power, has developed a lot of far-reaching internal and external policies during the reign of the Mongolian government, which provided a lot of lessons for the later Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the Qing Dynasty, and the four of them have an important influence on the development of the agricultural and animal husbandry in the Yuan Dynasty. In fact, the formation of the Yuan-to-four people's policy is not accidental. It is based on the experience and lessons of the past dynasties, and gradually formed in the course of practice according to its own needs. The formation of the policy of the four men and other people marked the maturity of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was the positive and the development of the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty to the national integration at that time. It was also the concentrated expression of the ruler's Han, and it was an important reflection on the country's agriculture and animal husbandry economy at that time. Although there are some unreasonable places in the content, the four-to-peer system is still in line with the actual situation of the society at that time In the early part of the 13th century, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian plateau and set up a country of Mongolia's Khan, followed by Genghis Khan and its successors. The external war has caused great damage to all parts of the Asia-Europe region The Mongolian Plateau is the land of the Mongolian people, and is the foundation of the Mongols' foreign wars, and the main part of the Mongols. As a result, the Mongolian rulers attached great importance to the region, and listed the Mongols as the first and so on, which set out a lot of privileges and, in this region, vigorously developing the tourism economy in order to meet the needs of the countries at that time At that time, the Mongolians and the people of all ethnic groups had frequent exchanges, and in the region of the Mongolian plateau there were areas of non-agricultural areas, which were the Mongolian tour. The Mongol, in the course of the external war, is gradually united with the people to deal with it. In this process, the Mongolian people are constantly absorbing the culture of the people, and the people of the people also helped the Mongols to fight. As a result, the Mongols have given special preference to the people of the country, and the people of the people are listed as the second and so on, and the eyes of the people are the same as the Mongols, and the rule of exploitation In addition to enjoying a lot of privileges, the people of the People's Republic of China have set a lot of preferential policies to develop the agriculture and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people, and in the promotion of the preferential policies of the state, the agricultural and animal husbandry and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people of the People's Republic of China Much progress has been made. But they use the privileges of the government's four-person policy to do business rather than to run agriculture and animal husbandry, and to restore and develop the farming and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people In the process of conquering the Central Plains, the Mongols and the people of the people massacred the people of the Central Plains, and turned a large number of farmland into the pasture, which greatly destroyed the Han people. The agricultural economy of the region. As a result of the differences in culture, economy and the resistance of the Han people, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty listed the Han people as the third and so on, and the Han people As the object of exploitation, with the further development of the Mongolian people, especially the formation of the four-people-made policy, the agriculture and animal husbandry economy in the Han people During the new period of development, the state has developed a number of heavy agricultural measures, which greatly promoted the recovery and development of the agricultural economy in the region, and at the same time, because of the formation of the four people, the large number of the Mongols and the people of the people migrated to the Han people, and they brought it The advanced technology of the technology has greatly promoted the Han people's area The development of the Chinese economy, with the further development of the Mongolian rulers, they gradually The importance of agriculture is recognized. In the process of the destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongolian people increased the protection of agriculture, and paid attention to the protection of the authors of the South, and no more slaughter of the Han people, and the economy of the South was not But the Mongols have never forgotten to guard against the Han people, and after the formation of the four people, the South is the fourth and the fourth, and the south People are at the bottom of the society. The state uses four equal-person policy to exploit the South, in which case the agricultural economy of the South is developed under the government's heavy-farming measures. But the development is very difficult. With the help of the nomadic habits of the Mongols and the policy of the four others, the state has set up a large number of rangeland in the South, which, while preventing the development of agriculture in the South, are for the country. The family has sent a large number of horses to ensure the country's needs, and also to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K247;F329
本文编号：2426245
[Abstract]:The Yuan Dynasty, as the Mongolian power, has developed a lot of far-reaching internal and external policies during the reign of the Mongolian government, which provided a lot of lessons for the later Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the Qing Dynasty, and the four of them have an important influence on the development of the agricultural and animal husbandry in the Yuan Dynasty. In fact, the formation of the Yuan-to-four people's policy is not accidental. It is based on the experience and lessons of the past dynasties, and gradually formed in the course of practice according to its own needs. The formation of the policy of the four men and other people marked the maturity of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was the positive and the development of the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty to the national integration at that time. It was also the concentrated expression of the ruler's Han, and it was an important reflection on the country's agriculture and animal husbandry economy at that time. Although there are some unreasonable places in the content, the four-to-peer system is still in line with the actual situation of the society at that time In the early part of the 13th century, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian plateau and set up a country of Mongolia's Khan, followed by Genghis Khan and its successors. The external war has caused great damage to all parts of the Asia-Europe region The Mongolian Plateau is the land of the Mongolian people, and is the foundation of the Mongols' foreign wars, and the main part of the Mongols. As a result, the Mongolian rulers attached great importance to the region, and listed the Mongols as the first and so on, which set out a lot of privileges and, in this region, vigorously developing the tourism economy in order to meet the needs of the countries at that time At that time, the Mongolians and the people of all ethnic groups had frequent exchanges, and in the region of the Mongolian plateau there were areas of non-agricultural areas, which were the Mongolian tour. The Mongol, in the course of the external war, is gradually united with the people to deal with it. In this process, the Mongolian people are constantly absorbing the culture of the people, and the people of the people also helped the Mongols to fight. As a result, the Mongols have given special preference to the people of the country, and the people of the people are listed as the second and so on, and the eyes of the people are the same as the Mongols, and the rule of exploitation In addition to enjoying a lot of privileges, the people of the People's Republic of China have set a lot of preferential policies to develop the agriculture and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people, and in the promotion of the preferential policies of the state, the agricultural and animal husbandry and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people of the People's Republic of China Much progress has been made. But they use the privileges of the government's four-person policy to do business rather than to run agriculture and animal husbandry, and to restore and develop the farming and animal husbandry economy in the area of the people In the process of conquering the Central Plains, the Mongols and the people of the people massacred the people of the Central Plains, and turned a large number of farmland into the pasture, which greatly destroyed the Han people. The agricultural economy of the region. As a result of the differences in culture, economy and the resistance of the Han people, the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty listed the Han people as the third and so on, and the Han people As the object of exploitation, with the further development of the Mongolian people, especially the formation of the four-people-made policy, the agriculture and animal husbandry economy in the Han people During the new period of development, the state has developed a number of heavy agricultural measures, which greatly promoted the recovery and development of the agricultural economy in the region, and at the same time, because of the formation of the four people, the large number of the Mongols and the people of the people migrated to the Han people, and they brought it The advanced technology of the technology has greatly promoted the Han people's area The development of the Chinese economy, with the further development of the Mongolian rulers, they gradually The importance of agriculture is recognized. In the process of the destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongolian people increased the protection of agriculture, and paid attention to the protection of the authors of the South, and no more slaughter of the Han people, and the economy of the South was not But the Mongols have never forgotten to guard against the Han people, and after the formation of the four people, the South is the fourth and the fourth, and the south People are at the bottom of the society. The state uses four equal-person policy to exploit the South, in which case the agricultural economy of the South is developed under the government's heavy-farming measures. But the development is very difficult. With the help of the nomadic habits of the Mongols and the policy of the four others, the state has set up a large number of rangeland in the South, which, while preventing the development of agriculture in the South, are for the country. The family has sent a large number of horses to ensure the country's needs, and also to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】：南京农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K247;F329
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前10条
1 赵永春;张宏;;元朝兴衰的历史启示[J];北华大学学报(社会科学版);2007年03期
2 王培华;土地利用与社会持续发展——元代农业与农学的启示[J];北京师范大学学报(社会科学版);1997年03期
3 周继中;元代北方地区的屯田[J];北方文物;1988年03期
4 陈明;元代北方饥荒的时空分布特点及救荒措施[J];古今农业;2001年04期
5 王培华;元代司农司和劝农使的建置及功过评价[J];古今农业;2005年03期
6 杨永俊;我国古代民族羁縻统治政策的变迁及其原因探究[J];西北史地;1999年02期
7 陈贤春;元代农业生产的发展及其原因探讨[J];湖北大学学报(哲学社会科学版);1996年03期
8 范春梅;试论元代屯田制与地表植被的破坏[J];中国环境管理干部学院学报;1994年01期
9 张雷军;元代边疆民族政策浅析[J];黑龙江民族丛刊;1995年02期
10 方铁;从赛典赤对云南的治策看蒙元的民族统治政策[J];回族研究;2004年02期
，本文编号：2426245
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/zgtslw/2426245.html
