马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论研究

发布时间：2018-01-16 23:20

本文关键词：马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论研究　出处：《南开大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论是马克思主义基本理论的组成部分之一。“民族主义”一词实际上至今都没有一个共识的定义,国际、国内相关学者从不同角度至少给出了200种说法。马克思主义经典作家也未曾给民族主义下过明确定义,翻阅马克思主义经典作家有关民族和民族主义的论著、书信、通讯等可以看出,在马克思主义经典作家那里,民族主义既被看作是一种关乎民族的情感、情绪,也被界定为是一种以“民族自决”为基本主张的思想、学说,但更被视为是资产阶级的意识形态和社会运动。典型的民族主义现象产生于17、18世纪的西欧,以法国大革命为重要标志。在进入19世纪后其有了更为迅猛的发展,在世界的一些地区特别是在整个欧洲引起了巨大的激荡。因此,作为一种社会现象,民族主义自然引起了马克思恩格斯的关注。到了19世纪末20世纪初,随着资本主义扩张的不断加剧,民族主义早已越出欧洲范围而传遍亚非拉美。再加上俄国国内民族主义在此时的不断滋长,列宁和斯大林不免更加重视民族主义问题。基于上述事实,马克思主义经典作家针对民族主义有过很多论述。马克思恩格斯对德意志民族利己主义、反犹太主义、民族虚无主义、民族沙文主义进行了严厉批判,对波兰、爱尔兰民族主义运动予以了特殊关注,对德意志、意大利、匈牙利民族革命运动表示支持,对泛斯拉夫主义思潮和运动却极力反对,并对民族主义的基本主张---民族自决权表示认可；列宁对崩得的联邦制建党原则极力反对,对联邦制国家结构形式原则上反对、实践上借助,对民族自决权进行了系统分析,对企图代替民族自决权的“民族文化自治”纲领做了批判,对民族殖民地被压迫民族的民族主义运动表示深切关注和坚决支持,对国内和党内大俄罗斯民族主义和地方民族主义倾向都表示反对,特别是对大俄罗斯民族主义做了重点批判；斯大林也对崩得的分离主义进行了批判,对苏维埃自治做了廓清,认为民族自决权是解决民族问题的必要条件,批判了“民族文化自治”纲领,对东方民族主义运动特别是中国革命表示支持,在国内和党内大俄罗斯民族主义和地方民族主义倾向问题上提出了自己的观点。正是上述马克思、恩格斯、列宁、斯大林有关民族主义的观点构成了马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论。马克思主义经典作家民族主义理论的主要内容是承认多种形式民族主义的存在,反对狭隘的民族主义,支持包含民主进步因素的民族主义,视民族自决权为民族平等联合、无产阶级自决目标实现的有效方式,倡导无产阶级国际主义。统观整个马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论文本,其中蕴含着论战性、阶级性、具体性等基本特征。马克思主义经典作家的民族主义理论虽形成、完善于19、20世纪,但在当前仍有很大的价值和意义。具体包括：用阶级视角分析民族主义的有效性、区别对待民族主义的方法的当代适用性、对泛斯拉夫主义的批判有助于辨识当前的极端泛民族主义、有关民族自决权的主张为当前民族自决权的运用提供了参照原则、对爱国主义的界定成为评价民族国家利益诉求合理与否的重要标准、关于民族同化的二元分析有助于化解一体化与民族主义之间的矛盾。研究马克思主义-民族主义问题自然绕不开社会主义与民族主义的关系问题,一方面因为社会主义是马克思主义经典作家所致力实现的共产主义目标的低级阶段,它以马克思主义为指导,自然接受了马克思主义经典作家关于无产阶级不分民族的国际团结、无产者和被压迫民族团结起来、实现全人类彻底解放的思想；另一方面社会主义都是在民族国家框架下发展的,离开民族主义的社会主义是不存在的。原苏东社会主义国家和中国都是坚持马克思主义指导地位的社会主义国家,它们都曾面临或依然还在面对认识和处理民族主义的问题。而苏东社会主义国家的裂变、中国特色社会主义的蓬勃发展,一正一反两个例证都说明必须把协调好社会主义与民族主义的关系作为社会主义建设事业的重要任务来抓,同时也要求人们对国际主义的阶级属性和当下内涵作出新的解读。
[Abstract]:Marx and Engels theory of nationalism is one of the part of the basic theory of the Marx doctrine. The word "nationalism" actually has not a consensus on the definition of international, domestic scholars from different angles are given at least 200 kinds of argument. Marx did not give the classical writers socialist nationalism under a clear definition, read Marx and Engels works about nation and nationalism, letters, communication etc. can be seen in Marx's classical writers, nationalism can be regarded as a matter of national feelings, emotions, is defined as a "national self-determination" as the basic propositions of thought, theory, but it is regarded as bourgeois ideology and social movement.
A typical phenomenon of nationalism in the 17,18 century in Western Europe, with the French Revolution as an important symbol. In nineteenth Century it has more rapid development in some regions of the world, especially in Europe caused great agitation. Therefore, as a social phenomenon, nationalism naturally aroused Marx Engels attention. By the end of nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, with the expansion of capitalism intensified, nationalism has already gone beyond Europe and spread throughout the Afro Asian Latin American. Plus the Russian nationalist grow at this time, Lenin and Stalin can not help but pay more attention to the issue of nationalism. Based on the above facts, Marx and Engels in nationalism had a lot Marx, Engels. Discussion on German nation egoism, anti Semitism, national nihilism, ethnic chauvinism was severely criticized, In Poland, the Irish nationalist movement gave special attention to Germany, Italy, Hungary, expressed support for national revolutionary movement, pan Slavism trend and movement is strongly opposed, and the basic ideas of Nationalism -- the right to self-determination expressed approval; Lenin strongly opposed to the collapse of the federal system of the principle, opposed the antithetical couplet state state structure principle, by means of practice, the right to self-determination system analysis was carried out to attempt to replace the right to self-determination "national cultural autonomy" program made criticism, expressed deep concern and strong support for the national colonial oppression of ethnic nationalist movements, the party and the country of great Russian nationalism and the local nationalist tendencies were opposed, especially for Russian nationalism as the focus of criticism; Stalin is also on the collapse of the separatist group On the sentence, Autonomous Soviet made clear, that the right to self-determination is a necessary condition to solve the national problems, criticized the "cultural autonomy" national program of Oriental nationalism especially Chinese revolution expressed support, in the party and the country of great Russian nationalism tend to put forward their own views.
It is the Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, the nationalist view consists of Marx and Engels nationalism theory. The main contents of Marx and Engels theory of nationalism is the recognition of the various forms of nationalism, oppose narrow nationalism, support includes democratic progress factors of nationalism, national self-determination the right to equality, effective way to realize the goal of the proletariat self-determination, advocated the proletarian internationalism. Whole classical writer Marx and the nationalism, which contains a debate, class, basic characteristics of concrete. Marx and Engels nationalism theory was formed and perfected in the 19,20 century, but still there is great value in the present. Including: the analysis of the effectiveness of nationalism in the class perspective, distinction The applicability of the method of nationalism, criticism of Pan Slavism helps identify extreme pan nationalism current, according to the application of the principle of the right to self-determination claims for the right to self-determination is provided on the definition of patriotism becomes an important criterion for evaluation of national interests is reasonable or not, two yuan analysis about assimilation helps to resolve contradictions between globalization and nationalism.
The relationship between the Marx doctrine - the issue of nationalism is not open around the socialist nature and nationalism, on the one hand, because socialism is the lower stage of Marx and Engels are committed to achieve the final goal of communism, it takes Marx's guidance, nature received Marx and Engels on proletarian international regardless of ethnic unity, the and the oppressed nation to unite, to achieve the complete liberation of all mankind thought; on the other hand are in the National Socialist Development under the framework of the socialist left nationalism does not exist. The former Soviet Union and Eastern socialist countries and China are adhering to the guiding position of the Marx doctrine of the socialist countries, they have faced or still in the face recognition and treatment of nationalism. Soviet Socialist Countries fission, main characteristics of social China The two positive examples of the vigorous development of righteousness indicate that we must coordinate the relationship between socialism and nationalism as an important task of socialist construction. At the same time, we also need to make a new interpretation of the class attribute and connotation of internationalism.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D06;A811

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