论孔孟的权力制约思想及其现代启示

发布时间：2018-02-03 06:52

本文关键词： 孔子孟子权力观权力制约思想启示　出处：《华中师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：儒家孔孟思想中关于权力的论断多如繁星,尽管这些思想是为了维护封建统治阶级,强化皇权的,并不能充分代表公共利益,但其中如“为政以德”、“政在得民”、等思想确实有着跨越时代的永恒价值,对于研究现今公共管理中的权力制约问题有着十分重要的启示意义。儒家思想注重伦理道德,在权力制约问题同样主张以道德为主的制约模式。儒家从宏观的、人文的角度看待权力一事,纳权力防范于其系统的伦理学理论当中,强调权利主体的“自律”。他们把国家治乱的根本寄托在统治者德行的高低厚薄上,希望通过对权力执掌者的道德引导和改造,实现权力的正义本性。而在两千年帝制政治中,儒家的至尊地位也从未在根本上发生动摇。在治理方略上,儒学所主张的伦理学思路也为汉以后历代统治者所遵从,成为整饬吏治的基本手段。本文正是基于儒家思想中治国理政取向的历史价值,以此为切入点,对孔孟权力制约思想进行剖析,进而讨论其对当今权力制约体系的借鉴与启示。本文结构共分为五个部分：第一部分,绪论。主要阐述选题的背景和意义,评述本议题的研究现状,介绍本文的研究视角、方法、研究思路与框架、创新之处。第二部分,权力观的构成。这一部分主要从孔孟权力观的出发点和目的、权力主体及其合法性、权力运行的程序,多维度的对孔孟权力观进行论述。第三部分,在对权力观解读的基础之上,进而对孔孟权力制约思想进行了概括：1、德治角度的权力制约主张——以德制权、以道制权；2、民治角度的权力制约主张；3、分权角度的权力制约主张——分职而事、谏议制权。第四部分,历史价值及其局限性。这一部分对儒、法、道权力制约思想进行了比较,并对孔孟权力制约思想的历史价值和历史局限性进行了概括。第五部分,孔孟权力制约思想的启示。这一部分分别从以德制权、以民制权两个方面提出了孔孟权力主张对构建权力制约体系的启示。孔孟以仁为核心的权力制约思想与中国古代法家、道家的权力制约思想以及西方权力制约思想有着截然不同的理论主张。在完善权力制衡体系的道路上,孔孟权力制约思想为其提供了伦理的指引。但权力制衡体系的构建并不能寄希望于某一种单一模式,而是应该以不同理论为借鉴,形成多元化的制约模式。在权力体系中,不仅要发挥以道德制约权力、以法律制约权力的强大作用,而且要重视以权利制约权力、以舆论制约权力、以分权制衡权力的有效途径,加强各种制约监督力量的协调,理顺权力体系内的各种关系,使各种制约力量密切配合,优势互补,充分发挥权力制约机制的整体效能。
[Abstract]:Confucian Confucius and Mencius thought about power as much as the stars, although these ideas are designed to protect the feudal ruling class, strengthen the imperial power, can not fully represent the public interest, However, such thoughts as "to govern by virtue", "to govern by the people", and so on, do have the eternal value of spanning the times, which is of great significance for the study of power restriction in public administration today. In the problem of power restriction, it also advocates the mode of restriction based on morality. The Confucianists treat power from a macro and humanistic perspective, and accept power to guard against it in its systematic ethical theory. Emphasizing the "self-discipline" of the subject of power. They place the fundamental foundation of the country's governance on the high and low moral values of the rulers, hoping to realize the just nature of the power through the moral guidance and reform of the people in charge of the power. And in the 2000 years of imperial politics, The supreme position of Confucianism never wavered fundamentally. In the strategy of governance, the ethical ideas advocated by Confucianism were followed by the rulers of the later Han Dynasty. This paper is based on the historical value of the political orientation of governing the country in the Confucian thought, taking this as the breakthrough point, analyzes the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius, and then discusses its reference and enlightenment to the current power restriction system. The structure of this paper is divided into five parts: the first part, the introduction. It mainly describes the background and significance of the topic, reviews the current research situation of this topic, introduces the research perspective, methods, research ideas and framework, innovation. This part mainly discusses the starting point and purpose of the power view of Confucius and Mencius, the subject of power and its legitimacy, the procedure of power operation, and discusses the view of power of Confucius and Mencius in many dimensions. On the basis of the interpretation of the view of power, the author generalizes the thought of power restriction of Confucius and Mencius in the view of "rule of virtue", and then generalizes the idea of "power restriction by virtue". This part compares Confucianism, law, and Taoism with the view of power restriction from the angle of Taoism, power restriction by the people, and power restriction from the angle of separation of powers. Part 4th is the historical value and limitation of the system of remonstrations and remonstrations, and a comparison is made of Confucianism, law, and Taoism in the view of power restriction. It also generalizes the historical value and historical limitation of the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius. Part 5th, the enlightenment of the power restriction thought of Confucius and Mencius. In this paper, the author puts forward the enlightenment of Confucius and Mencius on the establishment of power restriction system from the two aspects of civil power. The thought of power restriction with benevolence at the core of Confucius and Mencius has a completely different theoretical proposition from that of ancient Chinese legalists, Taoists and western ones. On the way of perfecting the system of power checks and balances, Confucius and Mencius have very different views on power restriction. Confucius and Mencius thought of power restriction provide ethical guidance, but the construction of power balance system can not be expected to be a single model, but should be based on different theories to form a pluralistic mode of restriction. It is necessary not only to exert the powerful function of restricting power by morality and law, but also to attach importance to restricting power by right, restricting power by public opinion, and strengthening the coordination of all kinds of restrictive and supervisory forces by the effective ways of separation of powers and checks and balances. Straighten out all kinds of relations in the power system, make all kinds of restricting forces cooperate closely, complement each other's advantages, give full play to the overall efficiency of the power restriction mechanism.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D092

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