论托克维尔的自由观

发布时间：2018-03-02 15:30

本文选题：自由　切入点：民主　出处：《西南政法大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 托克维尔在思想界以其对美国民主的分析和对法国大革命的研究而闻名,但是他所关注的实质问题却是自由。无论是研究美国民主还是法国大革命,托克维尔最终的目的都是阐释他的自由观。他的自由观是体现在他对自由在美国和在法国的不同命运的分析中的,自由在两国命运迥异正是由于保障自由和威胁自由的因素在两国有不同的搭配。但是这些因素在很大程度上是相同的,例如美国的中间团体——乡镇是保障美国人民享有自由的重要因素,而在法国中间团体的失势正是自由缺失的一个因素。因而对比两种自由模式能够更有效地提炼托克维尔自由观的核心。文章分为五个部分,各部分的主要内容如下: 第一部分:引言。托克维尔的思想具有复杂性,因为他兼具政治理论家、政治实践家和历史学家等多重身份,因而将其思想划入某一范畴十分困难。不过他的思想核心则是明确的,即自由问题。第二部分:托克维尔自由观的形成。人类的自由思想由来已久,自由观念也在传承中不断发展,法国是自由思想的重镇。前辈们的思想是托克维尔思考问题的基础,对其产生最直接影响的是孟德斯鸠、卢梭和帕斯卡尔。其著作的整体风格、主题、目标等方面都在某种程度上与他的智识前辈间存在一贯性。另一方面,他的政治实践活动和他所处的法国特殊的政治背景也为他自由的观形成提供了实践渊源。第三部分:自由的美国模式。在美国,自由与民主存在着密切的联系,自由有助于民主的发展,而民主也有使人爱好自由的倾向。民主存在多数暴政、个人主义、中央集权三大威胁,而抵制这三种威胁最重要手段的是重视自由的价值。保障美国自由的因素包括地理环境、法制和民情。美国的联邦制度、乡镇自治制度、司法权的设置、两院制等都是保障自由的法制因素。而在民情中,最重要的是宗教因素,政教分离的模式为自由提供了生长的空间。第四部分:自由的法国模式。以自由为口号的法国大革命并没有建立一个自由的国家。法国自由缺失的原因包括中央集权、中间团体的失势和文人的影响。从中央的国王到地方的总督,法国形成了庞大的行政体系。同时,通过调案制度,行政权力不断排挤司法权,中央集权问题十分严重。无论在城市还是在农村,原本在国家和个人之间起到缓冲作用的贵族、教区、城市议会等都逐渐失去了原本的势力,这使得个人自由直接面对国家的侵蚀。法国的文人与政治实践存在严重的断裂,而他们对政治又时常发表意见,这些不合时宜的政治论述也损害了自由精神。革命扫除了很多自由的障碍,但同时革命也摧毁了原本存在的许多自由。第五部分:结语。通过对比自由的两种命运总结托克维尔的核心观念:在现代政治制度下,自由需要民主的保障,也只有自由才能够拯救受到各种威胁的民主。自由的存在离不开社会中间团体的存在,合理的法律制度和民情都有利于自由的生长。虽然革命以自由为目标,但其最终的结果却不一定是自由,相反革命可能摧毁自由而又无法很好地重构自由。托克维尔的自由观影响了其后的法哲学,也为中国问题提供了启示。
[Abstract]:Tocqueville in the ideological circles with its famous for research and analysis of the French Revolution and democracy in the United States, but his concern is the essence of freedom. It is the study of American democracy and the French Revolution, Tocqueville's ultimate goal is to explain his view of freedom. His view of freedom is reflected in his analysis of the different fate of freedom in the United States and in France in the free in the fate of different because of freedom and the security threat free factors have different collocation in the two countries. But these factors are the same to a large extent, such as the United States, the middle group township is an important element protecting American's freedom, and in France the intermediate group eclipse is a factor in the absence of liberty. And two kinds of free mode can effectively refine the core of Tocqueville's concept of freedom.
The article is divided into five parts, the main contents of each part are as follows:
The first part: introduction. Tocqueville's thought is complex, because he has the political theorist, historian and political practitioners with multiple identities, thus the theory to a certain category is very difficult. But the core of his thought is clear, that is the problem of freedom.
The second part: the formation of Tocqueville's concept of freedom. Freedom of human freedom development concept is long-standing, in the tradition, France is the center of free thought. The predecessors are based on the idea of Tocqueville's question of thinking, the most direct influence is Montesquieu, Rousseau and Pascale. The overall style, his works theme. The target and other aspects of his wisdom to some extent are consistent between the advanced knowledge. On the other hand, his political activities and he has the special political background for his free view provides the practice origin.
The third part: the freedom of the United States. In the United States, freedom and democracy are closely linked, free to contribute to the development of democracy, and democracy are the freedom loving tendencies. Democracy has majority tyranny, individualism, centralization of three huge threats to boycott the three threats is the most important means pay attention to the value of freedom. Freedom in the United States security factors including geographical environment, legal system and condition of the people. The United States federal system, township autonomy, judicial power settings are bicameral legal elements to protect freedom. But in the people, is the most important religious factors, the mode of secularism provides space for growth free.
The fourth part: the free French model. The French Revolution to free the slogan does not establish a free country. Because of the absence of liberty in France including the centralization of power, influence the disgrace of intermediate groups and scholars. From the central and local governors, France formed a huge administrative system. At the same time, by adjusting the the system of administrative power, judicial power being crowded out, centralization is a serious problem. Whether in the city or in the countryside, originally played a buffer role of nobility, between country and individual Parish, City Council have gradually lost the original power, which makes the individual freedom directly facing the nation's erosion. There are serious faults the literati and the political practice in France, and they often comment on politics, the political discourse be inopportune or inappropriate also damages the spirit of freedom. The revolution cleared a lot of obstacles of liberty, but at the same time The revolution also destroyed many of the freedoms that had existed.
The fifth part: conclusion. By two the fate of summarizing Tocqueville's core concept of freedom: in contrast to modern political system, freedom needs the guarantee of democracy, freedom and only be able to save all kinds of threat to democracy. The existence of freedom cannot do without the social intermediate organizations and the existence of reasonable legal system and condition of the people the growth of freedom. Although the revolutionary goal in liberty, but the result is not necessarily free, opposite revolution may destroy the liberty without a good reconstruction of freedom. The freedom of Tocqueville influenced later philosophy, but also provides some enlightenment for China.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D095.65

【引证文献】