西方发达国家弹劾制研究

发布时间：2018-03-18 07:40

本文选题：弹劾制　切入点：民主　出处：《辽宁师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 弹劾是有关免除不称职者公职的法律程序,研究西方国家弹劾制思想对民主体制建设具有重要意义。本文通过文献分析和历史考察的方法来准确界定弹劾制的性质和特征,使我们能够从中借鉴,以此来建立更加完善的监察机制,从而制约政府行为,推进社会主义民主进程。弹劾制最早发生在古希腊时期,克里斯提尼改革创立贝壳弹劾,为近代弹劾提供重要依据。14世纪英国把弹劾制作为一项政治制度确立下来,经过了四百多年的历程,弹劾制在英国隐退。美国1787年宪法确立弹劾制,再次兴起弹劾之风。最终,弹劾制在法国、德国、日本,乃至世界得到普及。弹劾制在民主体制中地位突出作用重大,首先弹劾制是建立在民主基础上宪政制度的一种,是三权分立政治体制的重要组成部分,为维护国家政治权力的平衡发挥着重要的作用。同时,权力分立与制衡是弹劾制产生的前提,其发展和运用促成了弹劾制的产生。其次,弹劾制是在宪政中设计的一套政府制度来保障法律的统治,防止政府和执政者超越法律或践踏法律,宪政思想是弹劾制得以实施的基础,源远流长的法治传统和法治意识是议会弹劾权创立的一个重要条件。同时法律所规定的公平、公正等原则也在弹劾程序中得到实现。再次,弹劾制理论在其具体操作和实施过程中明显的体现出主权在民思想,主权在民思想也为弹劾制的最终确立创造条件。最后,弹劾权是议会众多职能之一,“议会至上”传统间接的促使弹劾权的确立,弹劾权在发挥其作用时也必须实践和推行“议会至上”思想。各国的政体不同,法律法规等不同,所以各国规定的弹劾对象、罪名规范、弹劾程序、弹劾结果也各不相同。对英、美、法、德、日等国弹劾制进行比较研究,能够更深入了解弹劾制。弹劾制作为一种监督制度,在百年的发展中也避免不了一些困境。如弹劾程序手续繁琐,浪费现象严重,造成得不偿失;弹劾程序的启动,成为不同党派、不同利益集团之间争夺权力的工具;弹劾权是一种保留的权力,不仅使用频率低,而且成功率低。在当今世界弘扬法制和宪政的文明体系中,弹劾权仍占据着重要的地位,而且正在更广大的范围内展示着自身的特殊价值和生机勃勃的力量。所以有必要深入研究这种弹劾思想,借为己用。研究并撰写本文,与以前的研究者有所不同,本文主要从纯理论的层面,以“三权分立与制衡”、“宪政”、“主权在民”以及“议会至上”等角度来阐明弹劾制在民主体制中的地位和作用,从而得出西方发达国家弹劾制对我们政治体制的健全与改革的帮助意义,弹劾制思想不仅能有效制约权力,避免权力过于集中和膨胀带来的不良后果,而且利于推进民主政治建设,保证人民行使当家作主的民主权利。
[Abstract]:Impeachment is a legal procedure concerning the exemption of incompetent persons from public office. The study of impeachment system in western countries is of great significance to the construction of democratic institutions. This paper defines the nature and characteristics of impeachment system by means of literature analysis and historical investigation. So that we can learn from it, so that we can establish a more perfect supervisory mechanism, so as to restrict the government behavior and promote the process of socialist democracy. Impeachment system first occurred in ancient Greece, the Christian Reformation created shell impeachment. To provide an important basis for modern impeachment. In the 14th century, Britain established impeachment as a political system. After more than 400 years of history, impeachment system retreated in Britain. The constitution of the United States established impeachment system in 1787, and the impeachment wind rose again. Impeachment is popular in France, Germany, Japan and the world. Impeachment system plays an important role in the democratic system. Firstly, impeachment system is a kind of constitutional system based on democracy and an important part of the political system of separation of powers. In order to maintain the balance of national political power, it plays an important role. At the same time, separation of powers and checks and balances are the premise of the impeachment system, and its development and application contributed to the emergence of impeachment system. Impeachment system is a set of government system designed in the constitutionalism to protect the rule of law and prevent the government and the rulers from exceeding the law or trampling on the law. The constitutional thought is the foundation of the impeachment system. The long-standing tradition of the rule of law and the awareness of the rule of law are an important condition for the establishment of the power of impeachment in Parliament. At the same time, the principles of fairness and impartiality stipulated by the law are also realized in the impeachment proceedings. Again, The theory of impeachment system obviously embodies the idea of sovereignty in the people in its concrete operation and implementation process, and the thought of sovereignty in the people also creates the conditions for the final establishment of impeachment system. Impeachment power is one of the many functions of parliament. The tradition of "parliament supremacy" indirectly promotes the establishment of impeachment power. When impeachment power exerts its function, it must also practice and carry out the thought of "parliament supremacy". Different countries have different political systems, different laws and regulations, so the impeachment targets, charges, impeachment procedures, and impeachment results prescribed by various countries are also different. A comparative study of impeachment systems in Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries is carried out. To be able to better understand impeachment system. Impeachment production as a kind of supervision system can not avoid some difficulties in the century-old development. For example, impeachment procedure procedures are cumbersome and wasteful, resulting in more gain than loss; impeachment procedure starts. Impeachment power is a kind of reserved power, not only low frequency of use, but also low success rate. In the civilized system of promoting the legal system and constitutional government in today's world, impeachment power still occupies an important position. And they are showing their special value and dynamic power on a wider scale. So it is necessary to study this impeachment idea in depth for our own use. To study and write this article is different from previous researchers. This paper expounds the role of impeachment system in the democratic system from the perspective of pure theory, such as "separation of powers and checks and balances", "constitutionalism", "sovereignty in the people" and "parliament supreme". Thus, the impeachment system in western developed countries is helpful to the improvement and reform of our political system. The impeachment system can not only effectively restrict power, but also avoid the adverse consequences of excessive concentration and expansion of power. And conducive to the promotion of democratic politics, to ensure the exercise of the people's democratic rights as masters.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D035.4

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