当代西方新阶级概念评析与反思

发布时间：2018-03-18 16:03

本文选题：新阶级概念　切入点：评析　出处：《湖南师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 阶级问题是一个属于全人类又属于每个民族的普遍又特殊的问题。阶级不是从来就有的,阶级是生产力发展到一定阶段的产物;不同阶级在社会生产中的地位决定阶级之间的差别;经济上的不平等是阶级斗争的根源;生产力的高度发展是阶级消亡的条件。随着资本主义的发展,在人类社会进入后工业社会这一新的历史条件下后,从事不同职业的知识分子数量迅猛增加,使得阶级结构发生了变化,知识分子集团在社会生活中表现出越来越重要的作用。在此情况下,当代西方以美国社会学家艾尔文·古德纳为代表的学者提出了“新阶级”概念,认为知识分子以拥有文化知识为资本,又具有独特的批判的话语文化(CCD文化),正在展开与原本控制着社会经济领域的资产阶级的斗争,在古德纳看来,在后工业社会里,旧的劳资关系已经不再起主宰作用,文化资本已经取代了旧有的物质资本。此时,由人文知识分子和技术知识分子组成的新阶级便能成为历史的代言人,他们是人类社会未来的救世主,是人类解放的中心,他们将实行以知识、理性和专业技术为基础的统治。 “新阶级”概念的抛出是对马克思主义阶级理论的严正挑战,笔者立足于马克思主义的基本立场,从马克思主义的资本概念入手,深入分析了古德纳的文化资本概念,指出了其理论的脆弱之处——文化资本是对马克思资本概念的严重偏离；并运用马克思主义阶级划分标准的理论分析了古德纳以文化作为阶级划分标准的错误所在,给新阶级理论的挑战以有力的回应。笔者认为,首先,古德纳所谓的文化资本并非马克思意义上的资本,这是他在对资本的概念泛化理解的基础上,才导致了将文化当作资本来看待的。第二,马克思恩格斯划分阶级的标准是建立在唯物史观的基础之上的,他们紧紧抓住各种垂直分化中最本质的、具有决定性的因素,即人们对生产资料的占有关系来划分阶级的,而古德纳则以文化资本和批判的话语文化作为阶级的划分标准,将知识分子集团划分为一个新的独立的阶级,这显然已在更深层次上与马克思主义“社会存在决定社会意识”的基本立场分道扬镳,从而陷入了唯心史观的泥潭。同时,本文也肯定了根源于科技革命(技术发展)且至今愈演愈烈的新阶级论是一种积极、大胆的理论探索,从而引发我们重新审视既有的阶级概念,对知识分子的阶级归属问题进行深入思考。但总的来说,笔者并不认同其与经典马克思主义相异的基本观点。
[Abstract]:Class problem is a universal and special problem that belongs to all mankind and every nation. Class is not always existed, and class is the product of the development of productive forces to a certain stage. The position of different classes in social production determines the difference between classes; economic inequality is the root of class struggle; and the high development of productive forces is the condition of class extinction. With the development of capitalism, under the new historical conditions of human society entering the post-industrial society, the number of intellectuals engaged in different professions has increased rapidly, and the class structure has changed. The intellectual group plays a more and more important role in social life. In this case, the modern western scholars, represented by American sociologist Alvin Goodner, put forward the concept of "new class". It is believed that intellectuals with cultural knowledge as their capital and with unique critical discourse culture and CCD culture are waging a struggle against the bourgeoisie, which originally controlled the social and economic fields. In the view of Goodner, in the post-industrial society, The old labor relations no longer dominate, and cultural capital has replaced the old material capital. At this point, a new class of humanistic and technological intellectuals can become the spokesman of history. They are the future savior of human society and the center of human liberation. They will rule on the basis of knowledge, reason and professional technology. The concept of "new class" is a challenge to Yan Zheng of Marxist class theory. Based on the basic standpoint of Marxism, the author analyzes Gudena's concept of cultural capital from the perspective of Marxist concept of capital. This paper points out the weakness of his theory that cultural capital deviates seriously from the concept of Marx's capital, and analyzes the error of Gudena's taking culture as the criterion of class division by using the theory of Marxist class division standard. The author thinks that, first of all, the so-called cultural capital of Goodner is not the capital in the sense of Marx, which is based on his general understanding of the concept of capital. Second, Marx and Engels' criteria for class division are based on historical materialism, and they hold fast to the most essential and decisive factors in the vertical division. That is to say, people divide the class according to the possession of the means of production, while Goodner takes cultural capital and critical discourse culture as the criterion of class division and divides the intellectual group into a new independent class. Obviously, this has broken away from the Marxist basic position of "social existence determines social consciousness" at a deeper level, thus falling into the quagmire of historical idealism. At the same time, This paper also affirms that the new class theory, which is rooted in the scientific and technological revolution (technological development) and has become increasingly fierce, is an active and bold theoretical exploration, thus causing us to re-examine the existing class concepts. The author thinks deeply about the class ownership of intellectuals, but in general, the author does not agree with the basic point of view which is different from classical Marxism.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D01

【相似文献】