执行权阐释：认同的变迁

发布时间：2018-03-19 08:34

本文选题：执行权　切入点：共和　出处：《南京大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：现代意义上的执行权产生于中世纪的欧洲有其深刻的社会历史背景,主要得益于两个相互建构的因素：其一,是现代意义上个体的出现；其二,是现代意义上国家的生成。现代意义上个体的不断成长受益于中世纪西欧独特的“两栖性质”的社会结构,这种特殊的社会结构使得封建主义和资本主义两种完全不同性质的因素不但能够共存,还能积极共生；资本主义因素的不断发展也按照其自身的秉性塑造着个体。而中世纪欧洲强大的教会力量使其具有了国际性质,而作为教会中坚力量的教士阶层得以在整个教会势力范围内传播其思想,专心其学术；并完成了个体秩序的合理证明。这一切促进了个体的觉醒,并使之逐步具有理性化、世俗化的倾向,终而引发了个体权利意识的萌生；与此同时,中世纪后半期的欧洲,尤其是欧洲大陆,频繁的战争催生了强大国家的出现,君主逐步掌握了强大的权力,垄断了暴力资源和财税资源,产生了近代意义上真正的民族国家。这两个因素互相建构,一方面具有权利意识、理性禀赋的个体在寻求着强大君王的保护,另一方面是明智的君主也意识到只有强大且集中的执行权才能使国家富强并免于外邦的侵犯。这一切最终催生了现代意义上的执行权。强大执行权最早出现在中世纪欧洲的法国、西班牙、德国,却被身处四分五裂的意大利的马基雅维利所发现；他坚定的认为,一个强大执行官的出现是一种大势所趋,因为只有它才能带来秩序和稳定,而一个强大的执行官也在他一番“德性中立化”的改造后呼之欲出。只有保障执行权的有效性,借助于强大的执行官,社会才能归于秩序。似乎这是无可避免的“浮士德交易”。霍布斯将古典自然法理论中哲学的、抽象的自然概念搬到了具体的个人身上,并认为自我保全的动机乃人的第一天性；而人性又是自私的,所以人和人之间不可避免的陷入“狼和狼一样的战争”之中。为了避免这种境况,作为一个强大主权者出现的执行官不但是一种必须,而且应当固定为一个官职,执行权具有了职位化的倾向;由此,霍布斯弥合了政治和道德的紧张,使执行权在获得有效性的同时,变得让人可以接受。然而,这也意味着自始至终都存在的一个危险,即强大的执行权一旦偏离公共性,整个社会同样会堕入万劫不复的深渊,当柔弱的个体置身于一个强大的利维坦面前时就显得毫无招架之力。执行权的有效性和公共性似乎很难两全,换句话说,如何在执行权获得有效性的同时不失却其公共性成了困扰人们的一个问题。在这个问题上,共和思想给予了有益的启示。共和思想以公共性为依归,并希冀通过防范公权私用的消极防御路线和培育好公民的积极作为方式来保证权力公共性的实现。然而,在如何才能保证执行权始终以公共性为依归的问题上,众多思想家倾向于采取消极的防御路线,但具体的“驯化方式”各有千秋。洛克试图将最终权力保留给人民,将执行权、立法权分立制衡,而且无论立法权还是执行权皆受到“公共性”的制约,如果统治者背离此一目的,人们便可以诉诸上帝,通过以暴制暴的方式使其恢复秩序；孟德斯鸠致力于将分权制衡付诸实践,在共和思想的“混合均衡”之外,又增添了一个意见自由表达的机制,并坚定认为舍此就无法保证执行权的公共性；联邦党人及其后的治国精英们则致力于大国执行权的制度设计,通过横向权力(立法、司法、行政)的“混合均衡”以及纵向权力的“复合共和”两原则来防止执行权偏离公共性,并借助总统选举的选举团制度和政党政治的“合法反对原则”得以落实,借此保证强大执行权的有效性、灵活性及其公共性。
[Abstract]:The modern sense of the executive power in medieval Europe has its profound social and historical background, mainly due to two factors: the mutual construction, is the individual in modern sense; secondly, is the formation of modern country. The social structure of the modern sense of the individual growth benefit from the unique in Medieval Western Europe the "amphibious nature", this special social structure makes feudalism and capitalism two completely different nature of the factors can not only coexist, but also actively symbiosis; development of capitalist factors in accordance with its own character shapes individual. In medieval Europe the powerful church force due to the international nature, and as the backbone of the church the power of the priest class to spread his thought in the whole church range, concentrate on their academic; and completed the reasonable proof of the individual order. All this promote the awakening of the individual, and makes the rational, secular tendency, eventually led to the initiation of the consciousness of individual right; at the same time, half of the Middle Ages in Europe, especially the European continent, the frequent war spawned a powerful country, the sovereign's power gradually mastered the powerful monopoly the violence of resources and financial resources for the country's real national modern sense. The two factors of mutual construction, have the consciousness of rights on the one hand, the individual rational endowment seeking strong protection of the king, on the other hand is a wise monarch is also aware that only a strong, centralized executive power can make the country prosperous and from the Gentiles violated. All this ultimately gave birth to the modern sense of the executive power. Strong executive power first appeared in medieval Europe: France, Spain, Germany, but in four five - Italy Machiavelli found it. He firmly believes that the emergence of a strong executive is a general trend, because only it can bring order and stability, and a strong executive is also ready to be transformed after his "moral neutralization" transformation.
Only the protection of the effectiveness of executive power, with a strong executive, social order can be attributed. It seems that this is inevitable "Faustian bargain." Hobbes philosophy in classical natural law theory, the abstract concept of nature to specific individuals, and that self preservation is the first motive of nature people; and human nature is selfish, so inevitably between people and people trapped in a "war like wolves and Wolf". In order to avoid this situation, as a powerful sovereign executive but not a must, and should be fixed to an office, the executive power is tend to position the Hobbes bridge; thus, moral and political tension, so that the executive power in achieving at the same time, become acceptable. However, this also means that a danger exists that is from first to last, strong execution Once the deviation of public right, the whole society will also fall into the abyss of the doomed eternally weak individual, when exposed to a strong Levitan front is defenseless. The effectiveness of executive power and public nature seems difficult to co-existence, in other words, how to obtain the effectiveness of executive power without losing its public has become a problem.
On this issue, the republican ideology gives beneficial enlightenment. The republican ideology with the public as a whole, and hope to prevent passive defense routes through the public right of private and foster good citizenship as a positive way to ensure the realization of public power. However, in how to ensure the executive power has always been to the public based on many thinkers, tends to take a negative line of defense, but the specific "domestication". Rock tried to end each one has its own merits to retain power to the people, the executive power, legislative power and legislative power checks and balances, whether also is a kind of executive power is constrained by public, if the rulers deviate from this purpose, people to God, the way to restore the order of violence; Montesquieu is committed to decentralization into practice in the Republic of the thought of "mixed equilibrium", added A freedom of expression mechanism, and determined that there is no guarantee of public enforcement power; system design of the Federalists and the ruling elite is committed to the implementation of the right to the country, through the horizontal power (legislative, judicial, administrative) "mixed equilibrium" and "composite vertical power Republic of" two principles to prevent the execution of right deviation of public, and with the presidential election in the electoral system and political parties "legitimate opposition principle" to be implemented, to ensure the effectiveness of the strong executive power, flexibility and commonality.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

【参考文献】