论霍布斯在《利维坦》中的国家起源观

发布时间：2018-03-19 14:22

本文选题：霍布斯　切入点：自然状态　出处：《复旦大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：始于霍布斯的社会契约理论塑造了近现代政治哲学的方向,这一传统的核心是关于国家起源的理论,其内核及本质特征已经在霍布斯这里得以奠定。《利维坦》即是一部关于国家论的专著,霍布斯在这里构建了一种新型的(不同于传统政治哲学)国家理论。这种理论认为在国家产生之前存在一种“非政治”的状态——自然状态,在自然状态中存在的是平等、自由的个体,在独立的个体之间不存在天然的统治权威。由于平等个体所拥有的自然权利是一种按照自己的理性和判断所认为的最合适的手段去做任何事情的自由,由此而来的私己判断便不可避免地会产生混乱——战争状态。要摆脱这一困境就必须将个体的自由(权利)授权给一个人或多人组成的集体,以便形成一种公共权力使它确立一种关于是与非、正义与非正义的标准,这一过程是通过契约实现的,同时也是由多种相互冲突的意志转化成一个意志的过程。统一在一个人格中的一群人就是国家,承当这一人格的人就是主权者,在霍布斯这里,绝对主权者是以“利维坦”的形象出现的。这样一来,政治统治的正当性基础就从外在的客观基础(符合某种规范性)转化成内在的主观基础(基于个体的同意),这一转化的原因即在于霍布斯所由以出发的基础是平等、独立的个体,这一基础既是追溯宗教权力与世俗权力之争的出发点,同时也是对历史进程的反映——市场社会的出现。平等、独立个体的出现决定了近现代政治哲学所要解决的就是个人与国家(两极)的关系问题,只要我们坚持这样一个前提即认为国家是在个体同意的基础上建立的,就必然会得出个人优先于国家的结论,也就无法回应自由主义对国家的诘难。
[Abstract]:In Hobbes's social contract theory shaped the modern political philosophy direction, the traditional core is about the origin of the state theory, the essence and kernel characteristics have been laid here in Hobbes. That's a leviathan > state theory monographs, here Hobbes established a new (different from the traditional the National Political Philosophy) theory. This theory holds that the existence of a "non political" state of natural state in the country before, exists in the state of nature is equality, freedom of the individual, the natural authority does not exist between individuals. The individual has equal natural rights is a kind of thought according to their own rational judgment and the most appropriate means to do anything for free, the private judgment will inevitably lead to confusion, to put a state of war. And this dilemma must be individual freedom (right) to authorize one or more members of the group, in order to form a kind of public power to make it to establish a kind of right and wrong, justice and injustice, this process is realized through the contract, but also by many conflicting wills into a will process. A group of people in a unified personality is a country, carryeth this person is sovereign, here in Hobbes, the absolute sovereign is in "Leviathan" image. As a result, the political rule of the legitimacy foundation from the objective foundation of the external (with a certain standard) into subjective inner (based on the consent of the individual) reasons for this transformation, which is based on Hobbes from the start is equal, independent of the individual, this is the basis of religious and secular power power back The starting point of dispute, but also on the historical process of the reflection of market society. Equality, independent individual determines the modern political philosophy is to solve the individual and the state (poles) of the relations, as long as we insist on the premise that the country is based on the individual agreed on that will draw individual countries prior to the conclusion, it cannot respond to criticism of liberalism to the country.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D0

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