达尔的多元民主理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-23 22:26

本文选题：罗伯特·达尔　切入点：多元民主　出处：《天津师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 罗伯特·达尔(Robert A. Dahl,1915-)是当代美国著名政治学家,多元民主理论的创始人和最突出代表。研究达尔民主理论的复杂体系和深刻意蕴,应该以其民主理论赖以产生的特定历史环境作为逻辑的起点。二战后,西方利益集团的兴起,在学界也掀起了一场行为主义的革命,深受美国多元政治文化以及个人成长经历的影响,达尔提出了其著名的多元民主理论。罗伯特·达尔的多元民主思想是在批判地继承精英主义理论、平民主义理论以及美国民主理论的先驱麦迪逊的民主思想的基础上形成和发展起来的；现实上发轫于应对二十世纪中期美国社会政治多元化对民主提出的新要求。社会分权制衡和利益集团的理论(多重少数的统治)是达尔多元民主思想的两个重要原则。这一理论认为民主意味着由众多不同的利益集团在相互竞争的过程中影响政府的政治决策,从而使得社会中不同的利益需求都会得到满足,并在一定程度上缓解美国社会各阶级间的矛盾,形成了一种相对稳定的均衡态势。达尔从民主的政体含义出发,把民主定义为“多元政体”,使得多元化的社会力量通过选举、有效参与、监督限制等机制,最大限度地分散政府权力,从而保障各阶层、社会组织、利益团体民主权利的广泛实现。达尔在提出“多元民主”这一理论范式后,还清醒地认识到了它的缺陷和困境。在多元民主陷入困境后,达尔提出把政治民主过程运用于经济领域,即他的经济民主思想,并阐述了经济民主的优势所在。本文基于对以上内容的介绍,从正反两个方面客观评价了达尔的这一思想。达尔的多元民主理论既反映了当代西方民主理论的最新发展,又在一定程度上揭示了西方国家特别是美国民主的运行机制。然而,多元民主理论本身的局限性亦是显而易见的,事实上政府的决策不可避免的被势力强大的利益集团操纵,弱势群体的利益往往并不能得到满足甚至被忽略。同时,达尔本人也存在着矛盾的两面性。他的理想是为美国的民主寻找一种较为完美的模式,但他始终无法摆脱资产阶级的阶级局限,这也就决定了他不可能从马克思主义的阶级观点出发,进而从根本上解决民主的本质问题。笔者认为,无论是多元民主理论本身,还是对多元民主缺陷做出的批评,乃至于为寻找多元民主所进行的理论尝试,对我国的社会主义民主政治建设,都有一定的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Robert A. Dahln (1915-1915) is a famous contemporary American political scientist, the founder and the most prominent representative of the theory of pluralistic democracy. The specific historical environment on which its democratic theory is based should be taken as the logical starting point. After World War II, the rise of Western interest groups also set off a behaviorist revolution in academic circles. Deeply influenced by American political culture and personal growth experience, Dahl put forward his famous theory of pluralistic democracy. Robert Dahl's pluralistic democratic thought was formed and developed on the basis of critically inheriting the theory of elitist, populism and the democracy thought of Madison, the pioneer of American democratic theory. In reality, it originated in response to the new demands of American social and political pluralism on democracy in the middle of the 20th century. The theory of social decentralization, checks and balances and interest groups (multiple minority rule) are two important aspects of Dalt's pluralistic democracy. This theory holds that democracy implies the influence of many different interest groups on the political decisions of governments in the process of competition with each other, As a result, the different interests and needs of society will be met, and to a certain extent the contradictions among the various classes in American society will be alleviated, and a relatively stable equilibrium situation has been formed. Dahl starts from the meaning of a democratic regime. The definition of democracy as "pluralistic government" enables pluralistic social forces to decentralize government power to the maximum extent possible through mechanisms such as elections, effective participation, supervision and restriction, thereby ensuring that all levels and social organizations are protected. After putting forward the theoretical paradigm of "pluralistic democracy", Dahl soberly realized its defects and difficulties. Dahl proposes to apply the process of political democracy to the economic field, that is, his thought of economic democracy, and expounds the advantages of economic democracy. Based on the introduction of the above contents, this paper objectively evaluates Dahl's thought from two aspects: positive and negative. Dahl's theory of pluralistic democracy not only reflects the latest development of contemporary western democratic theory, but also reveals to some extent the operating mechanism of democracy in western countries, especially in the United States. The limitations of the theory of pluralistic democracy are also obvious. In fact, government decisions are inevitably manipulated by powerful interest groups, and the interests of vulnerable groups are often not satisfied or even ignored. Darr himself has a contradictory dual character. His ideal is to find a more perfect model for American democracy, but he has always been unable to get rid of the class limitations of the bourgeoisie. This also determined that he could not proceed from the Marxist class viewpoint and then fundamentally solve the essential problem of democracy. The author believes that whether it is the theory of pluralistic democracy itself or the criticism of the defects of pluralistic democracy, Even the theoretical attempt to find pluralistic democracy has certain reference significance for the construction of socialist democratic politics in China.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D082

【引证文献】