美国建国初期对古典民主与共和传统的辩论及利用

发布时间：2018-04-13 17:20

本文选题：美国 + 国家制度设计　；参考：《华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2013年02期

【摘要】：建国初期的美国,因其社会和文化中浓厚的古典氛围,充分利用了古典世界的民主与共和政治遗产。在制定宪法过程中,代表们就有关中央政府权威、参众两院的设置、行政首脑的单人负责制以及常备军的创设进行辩论时,都从正面或者反面参照了古代的先例。在批准宪法过程中,联邦党人和反联邦党人围绕着近代国家中共和政体是否可行、议员与选民的关系、选民的权利和政府的权力、常备军在近代国家的角色等,都借用古典传统做了深入讨论。反联邦派的理想,在许多方面复活了古典共和与民主传统。可以说,古典传统在构建近代美国的基本政体过程中,确实发挥了相当重要的作用。但不管是联邦党人还是反联邦党人,都对古代做了创造性的解读,给古代历史添加了不少近代的内容,也忽略了古代政治中很多非常关键的因素。他们是在近代国家的框架和制度中来利用和改造古代传统,代表制、总统制、独立的司法系统和常备军的创设,典型地反映了近代国家的要求而非古代的传统。当美国政体初步稳定下来并表现出活力时,古典传统就逐渐退居幕后,不复成为美国政治中的根本因素。潘恩和杰斐逊对古代传统的拒绝,代表了当时美国相当一批政治精英的心态。
[Abstract]:In the early days of the founding of the people's Republic, the United States made full use of the democratic and Republican legacy of the classical world because of its strong classical atmosphere in society and culture.In the process of making the constitution, delegates debated the authority of the central government, the establishment of the Senate and House of Representatives, the single responsibility system of the executive heads, and the creation of the standing Army, all referring to ancient precedents, both positive and negative.In the process of ratifying the Constitution, the federalists and anti-federalists revolved around the feasibility of the Communist Party and the polity of the modern state, the relationship between parliamentarians and voters, the rights of voters and the power of the government, the role of the standing Army in the modern state, and so on.Both borrowed from the classical tradition to do in-depth discussion.The ideals of anti-federalism revived the classical Republican and democratic traditions in many ways.It can be said that classical tradition did play a very important role in the process of constructing the basic polity of modern America.However, both federalists and anti-federalists have made creative interpretations of ancient times, adding a lot of modern contents to ancient history and neglecting many key factors in ancient politics.They used and reformed the ancient tradition, representative system, presidential system, independent judicial system and the establishment of standing army in the framework and system of modern country, which typically reflected the requirements of modern country rather than the ancient tradition.When the American political system initially stabilized and showed vitality, the classical tradition gradually retreated behind the scenes and was no longer a fundamental factor in American politics.Paine and Jefferson's rejection of ancient traditions represented the mentality of a considerable group of American political elites.
【作者单位】：首都师范大学历史系;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“古典世界的民主与共和政治”(11YJA770059)
【分类号】：D09

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