张灏的“幽暗意识”与政治民主化研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 06:41

本文选题：张灏 + 人性论　；参考：《山东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近代以降,西方列强武力叩关,盲目自大而又腐朽无能的清政府不断丧权辱国、割地赔款,中国逐步走向亡国灭种的民族危机。伴随民族危机而来的,还有西方近代文明的发展成果。这其中既包括洋枪洋炮等物质成果,也包括民主、自由等文化成果,而且后者的影响更为深远,"西学东渐"的大幕由此拉开。面对"三千年未有之大变局",满清开明士绅率先"睁眼看世界",迈出了向西方学习的第一步。先后以"自强"、"求富"为目的的洋务运动开始了。然而,被视为洋务运动标志性成果、号称"亚洲第一"的北洋水师在1894年的中日甲午海战中几乎全军覆没,洋务运动宣告失败。中国人向西方学习的进程没有中断,开始从"器物"转向"制度",但是依靠一个无实权的皇帝进行的"戊戌变法"最终以"戊戌六君子"喋血街头宣告失败。面对深刻的民族危机,仁人志士们没有停止对民族独立、国家富强道路的探索,学习的方向转向西方的文化。于是,以"民主"和"科学"为旗帜的"新文化运动"开始了。这一运动促进了中国人的思想解放,对中国传统文化、尤其是维护专制统治的正统思想儒家文化造成了巨大的冲击,促进了近代中国人的思想启蒙。但是在那个救亡图存压倒一切的时代,大多数新文化运动的推动者都有些激进,对东西方文化持有绝对肯定或绝对否定的态度,"全盘西化论"应运而生。在对"民主"、"科学"的狂热崇拜中,新文化运动中的中的中国的知识分子们也开始思考这样一个问题:中国传统为何没有开出民主?历经变革、学兼中西,深怀家国情怀的华裔政治思想史学者张灏,对这个问题进行了深入且卓有成效的思考。他提出了"幽暗意识",并由此出发提出"幽暗意识"未能充分发挥是中国传统之所以开不出民主的一个思想症结。其实,"幽暗意识"就是张灏对人性的一种深入认识,他由此从出发正面回应了中国传统开不出民主政治的原因,为我们对这一问题探索提供了一个崭新的视角。张灏所谓的"幽暗意识",究其实质就是他对人性的认识、也是一种人性论,他从此出发对政治民主化进行建构。"幽暗意识"是对诸多传统"人性论"进行深入思考、结合现实观察和中西文化对比后的产物。笔者认为"幽暗意识"是张灏对"人性论"发展的建设性贡献,但是,以"幽暗意识的发挥不足"为由解释为何中国传统开不出民主,则缺乏足够的说服力。笔者对古代民主起源地古希腊雅典和现代民主的起源地英国的民主政治动因进行了研究,也对现当代国家政治民主化理论进行了梳理,发现无论古代民主还是现代民主,其产生的动因中都没有所谓的"幽暗意识",甚至后来实现政治民主化的国家,其动因中也都没有明显的"幽暗意识"。更为重要的是,"幽暗意识"缺乏现代科学性的意涵,脱离现代社会科学的发展。从人性论直达政治设计的线性逻辑推演与现代国家、社会二分的观念相悖,传统中道德理想国的建构初衷可能是好的,但在现代社会里政治和道德早就已经实现了分离,道德和理想国之间并不构成逻辑上的必然达至。从传统政治理念出发是难以抵达现代民主政治彼岸的,以"幽暗意识发挥不足"来解释中国传统开不出民主也必然缺乏说服力。笔者认为这才是"幽暗意识"不彰、没有得到学者们广泛、积极回应的根本原因。由此证明"幽暗意识"和政治民主化之间没有必然联系。
[Abstract]:In modern times, the Western imperialist powers were knocked off the customs, the blind self arrogance and the decadent and incapable of the Qing government continued to lose power, cut the ground and lose money, and gradually move towards the national crisis of national subjugation and extinction. With the national crisis, there were the development results of modern Western civilization. In the face of the "three thousand years of unprecedented change", the Ming gentry took the lead in "looking at the world" and took the first step in learning from the West. The Westernization Movement, which was "self strengthening" and "seeking wealth", was regarded as a symbol of the Westernization Movement. As a result, the northern ocean water division, known as "the first Asian", was almost completely defeated in the Sino Japanese War of Sino Japanese naval warfare in 1894, and the Westernization Movement failed. The process of learning from the West was not interrupted and began to turn from "utensils" to "system", but the "reform movement of 1898", which was based on an unreal emperor, was finally declared on the streets of "the Six Gentlemen of 1898". In the face of a profound national crisis, people of lofty ideals did not stop the exploration of national independence, the path of national prosperity, and the direction of learning to the western culture. Therefore, the "new cultural movement" with the banner of "democracy" and "science" was the beginning. This movement promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese people and the traditional Chinese culture, especially the maintenance of the special culture. The Confucian culture of the orthodox thought of the rule of rule has caused great impact and promoted the ideological enlightenment of modern Chinese people. However, in the times where the salvation of the nation was overwhelmed, most of the promoters of the new cultural movement were radical, with the absolute affirmation or absolute negation of the culture of the East and the west, and the "whole Westernization theory" came into being. In the fanatical worship of "democracy" and "science", the Chinese intellectuals in the new cultural movement have also begun to think about such a question: why does the Chinese tradition have not drawn out democracy? The Chinese American political thought history scholar Zhang Hao, who has gone through the reform, and has learned both Chinese and western, and deeply cherish the family's feelings, has carried on deep and fruitful thinking to this question. In fact, the "dark consciousness" is a deep understanding of Zhang Hao's understanding of human nature. From the point of view, he responded to the reason why Chinese tradition could not produce democracy. The question exploration provides a new perspective. The essence of Zhang Hao's so-called "dark consciousness" is the essence of his understanding of human nature and a theory of human nature. From then on, he set out on the construction of political democratization. "Dark consciousness" is a thorough examination of many traditional "human theory", and the result of the combination of realistic observation and the contrast of Chinese and Western culture. It is believed that the "dark consciousness" is a constructive contribution to the development of the theory of human nature. However, the reason why the Chinese tradition can not produce democracy is not convincing enough. The author has studied the democratic political motivation of the ancient Greek Athens and the origin of modern democracy in the origin of the ancient democracy. The present and contemporary theory of national political democratization has been combed. It is found that both ancient democracy and modern democracy have no so-called "dark consciousness", and even the country that later realized political democratization has no obvious "dark consciousness" in the cause of its political democratization. More importantly, the "dark consciousness" lacks modern scientific nature. The meaning of it is divorced from the development of modern social science. The linear logic deduction from the theory of human nature to the political design is contrary to the two points of modern state and society. The original intention of the construction of the traditional moral ideal country may be good, but in the modern society the politics and morality have already been separated, and the morality and the ideal country do not constitute a logic. It is inevitable that it is difficult to reach the other side of modern democracy from the traditional political idea. To explain the lack of persuasiveness in Chinese tradition, the author thinks this is the fundamental reason why the "dark consciousness" is ineffective and the scholars have not received extensive and positive responses. There is no necessary link between consciousness and political democratization.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D092

【相似文献】