伯恩施坦社会主义观

发布时间：2018-06-15 23:09

本文选题：伯恩施坦 + 社会主义观　；参考：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 伯恩施坦(1850—1932)是第一个修正马克思主义的马克思主义者,是德国社会民主党著名的理论家和实践活动家。伯恩施坦一生的理论和实践活动主要经历了三个阶段：作为一个资产阶级民主主义者,作为一个马克思主义者,作为一个修正主义者。伯恩施坦所处的时代是资本主义相对和平发展的时代,各国社会民主党人虽然在理论上坚持传统的社会主义革命观点,但在实践中主要从事合法的议会斗争和工会工作,并且日益满足于日常合法斗争的成就,忽视了实现社会主义这一最终目的。这主要是由于一方面工人阶级在原则上被拒绝以平等的身份包容在国家和社会之中,他们继续受到经济剥削和政治社会压迫。另一方面自19世纪80年代以来,工人阶级经济上日益得到改善,他们的地位在法律和实际方面都表现出有限改善的发展趋势。伯恩施坦想用理论适应实践的办法来消除理论和实践的脱节,结果脱离了马克思主义立场,修正了马克思主义,形成自己的社会主义观。因此,本文将坚持历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的方法,通过对伯恩施坦的一生及时代背景、其思想发展及来源作一梳理,以求在对伯恩施坦的社会主义观进行批判的同时,也作出客观公正的评价。我们可以看到伯恩施坦的社会主义观主要表现在他对社会主义的本质,社会主义的实现途径,社会主义的实现形式和社会主义国家形态的认识上。伯恩施坦的社会主义观点发表以后,受到以卢森堡为代表的社会民主党左派的批判,特别是把伯恩施坦对“最终目的”的看法看作是对马克思主义的背叛。列宁也对伯恩施坦的观点进行了激烈的批判,指出伯恩施坦思想的实质是“为了一碗红豆汤而出卖自己的长子权”。虽然当时伯恩施坦对马克思主义的修正是为了摆脱当时社会民主党的理论和实践之间矛盾的,他的要求也是符合当时工人阶级实际愿望的,他的本意也不是背离马克思主义。但由于伯恩施坦不能全面理解马克思主义,其修正主义实践一方面迎合了工人阶级自发的阶级意识,另一方面把社会民主党的斗争策略上升为斗争原则,虽然为部分工人阶级争得了一些权益,但不能改变全世界无产阶级的根本地位。在今天,我们要吸取伯恩施坦修正思想的经验和教训,正确理解马克思主义。
[Abstract]:Bernstein (1850-1932) was the first Marxist to revise Marxism and was a famous theorist and activist of German Social Democratic Party. The theoretical and practical activities of Bernstein's life mainly went through three stages: as a bourgeois Democrat, as a Marxist, as a revisionist. Bernstein lived in an era of relatively peaceful development of capitalism. Although the social Democrats of all countries theoretically adhered to the traditional viewpoint of socialist revolution, in practice they mainly engaged in legitimate parliamentary struggles and trade union work. And increasingly satisfied with the achievements of the daily legal struggle, neglected to achieve the ultimate goal of socialism. This is mainly due to the fact that, on the one hand, the working class is, in principle, refused to be included in the State and society on an equal footing, and that they continue to be subjected to economic exploitation and political and social oppression. On the other hand, since the 1880s, the working class economy has been improved day by day, and their status has shown a trend of limited improvement in both law and practice. Bernstein wanted to eliminate the disconnection between theory and practice by applying theory to practice. As a result, he deviated from the Marxist position, revised Marxism and formed his own socialist view. Therefore, this article will adhere to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, through the life of Bernstein and the background of the times, its ideological development and sources, in order to criticize Bernstein's view of socialism at the same time, Objective and impartial evaluation is also made. We can see that Bernstein's view of socialism is mainly manifested in his understanding of the essence of socialism, the way to realize socialism, the form of socialist realization and the form of socialist country. After the publication of Bernstein's view of socialism, he was criticized by the left of the Social Democratic Party, represented by Luxembourg, especially when he regarded Bernstein's view of "ultimate purpose" as a betrayal of Marxism. Lenin also criticized Bernstein's view, pointing out that the essence of Bernstein's thought was to sell his eldest son's right for a bowl of red bean soup. Although Bernstein's amendment to Marxism was to get rid of the contradiction between the theory and practice of the Social Democratic Party at that time, his request was also in line with the actual wishes of the working class at that time, and his intention was not to deviate from Marxism. However, because Bernstein could not fully understand Marxism, his revisionist practice, on the one hand, catered to the class consciousness of the working class spontaneously, and on the other hand raised the struggle strategy of the Social Democratic Party into a struggle principle. Although some working class gains some rights and interests, it cannot change the fundamental position of the proletariat all over the world. Today, we should learn from the experience and lessons of Bernstein's revised thought and correctly understand Marxism.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D091.6

【引证文献】