马克思主义正义观及其现实意义

发布时间：2018-06-20 23:32

本文选题：正义 + 马克思主义正义观　；参考：《山东师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：自阶级社会产生以来，人类从未停止过对正义的追求。作为衡量社会制度是否合理的标准，正义的主题往往面向社会的基本结构，这体现在划分公民的基本权利与义务的社会政治和经济制度上。同时，正义不仅是一种政治之善，它还为法治和民主提供了价值合理性，是法治与民主的道义根基。在政治哲学家罗尔斯看来，正义不仅是众多价值中最重要的一种价值，还是估量和权衡各种价值的标准，也就是“诸价值的价值”。马克思主义诞生后，马克思、恩格斯等无产阶级伟大导师通过不断地理论探索和革命实践，逐步揭示出正义的科学内涵，形成了马克思主义正义观。它以社会生产力发展水平为基础，强调正义的历史现实性，指出只有在公平分配的基础上，实现每个社会公民自由而全面的发展，才能真正实现人类社会的正义理想。本文从正义概念的起源和发展入手，通过论述马克思主义正义观的内涵和主要特点，来揭示这项理论的精神实质和价值取向，并进一步探讨其现实意义。正文由五个部分组成。第一部分主要说明正义概念的界定及其历史发展。这一部分具体分为四个方面：一、对正义概念的界定。阐述了正义概念的起源和古今中外对正义内涵的解读，并对正义的本质和主题进行了初步界定。二、古代的正义观。陈述了古代社会正义发展的三个主要历史阶段，并分析了古代正义观的发展所带来的影响及其存在的缺陷。三、近代的正义观。主要回顾从文艺复兴时期到资产阶级革命中后期这段时间内西方思想界里正义观的演化及其发展特点。四、当代的正义观。可以归纳为在现代资本主义社会时期居于代表地位的罗尔斯的正义原则，以及各流派对罗尔斯正义论进行批判的正义学说。第二部分论述了马克思主义正义观的内容和主要特点。马克思的所有著作都表达着一种广义的正义论，他毕生从事着人类解放的正义事业，其理论对人类正义事业所产生的贡献也是其他思想家所无法比拟的。这一部分首先陈述了马克思对资产阶级正义观的批判和对无产阶级正义理想实现的论证。马克思正义理论的基本内容在于揭露和批判资本对劳动统治的非正义性，并从中引出自己的无产阶级正义理想，而这种理想只有在共产主义社会中才能真正实现；接下来，回顾了列宁和中国共产党对马克思主义正义观的发展，这一节包括列宁对马克思主义正义观的判断和评价以及后来中国共产党对马克思主义正义观的推演两部分，它们都是今天马克思主义正义理论的重要组成部分；最后，归纳了马克思主义正义观的主要特点，即正义的历史现实性、制度正义与实质正义的统一、个人利益与共同利益的统一。第三部分揭示了马克思主义正义观的精神实质和价值指向。马克思主义正义观的精神实质是对人类真正的自由、平等价值的追求。自由和平等也是人类社会发展的终极目标和基本宗旨。马克思和恩格斯认为，只有在共产主义社会中，才能实现作为人类社会最高价值目标的自由和平等，，而资产阶级所宣扬的自由与平等是虚伪的,并带有阶级局限性。另一方面，马克思主义正义观的终极价值指向是是实现全人类的彻底解放以及个人的全面而自由的发展,从而结束人与人之间的剥削与压迫,实现共产主义的伟大理想。这也是人类自古以来永恒不变的追求，体现了马克思主义正义观的绝对性和永恒性。第四部分对马克思主义正义观的现实意义进行了一般分析。这主要从两个角度来展开：一、马克思主义正义观是批判资产阶级正义观的思想武器。它对资产阶级正义观的批判可以增进人们对当代资本主义制度本质上的认识，并增强人们对社会主义事业的信心。只有充分认识了资本主义的非正义性，才会坚信资本主义终将被更为正义的社会主义所替代。二、马克思主义正义观是构筑社会主义正义的理论指南。在马克思主义正义观中，经济正义尤其是生产正义在社会正义中具有核心地位。用历史唯物主义的观点看，生产方式决定着人们的精神生活、政治生活和社会生活的过程，决定着社会的公平正义状况，也决定着人们心中公平正义的观念。第五部分探索了马克思主义正义观与我国和谐社会建设之间的关系。这一部分先是阐述了正义是社会存在发展的价值基础，其中包含两个方面的内容：一是社会正义与社会发展的伦理原则；二是我国社会正义面临的困境。然后讨论了马克思主义正义观对我国和谐社会建设的指导意义，这里分为四个要点：一是马克思主义正义观对我国当代公平正义建设的启示；二是建设社会主义和谐社会，需要推进制度建设；三是建设社会主义和谐社会，就要解决民生问题；四是建设社会主义和谐社会，必须实现生态正义。
[Abstract]:Since the emergence of class society, human beings have never stopped pursuing justice. As a standard to measure the rationality of the social system, the theme of justice tends to face the basic structure of society, which is embodied in the social and political and economic systems of dividing the basic rights and obligations of citizens. Justice is not only a kind of political goodness but also a law. In the view of Rawls, the political philosopher, justice is not only the most important value of many values, but also the standard of estimating and weighing all kinds of values, that is "value of all values".
After the birth of Marx doctrine, Marx, Engels and other proletarian great tutors, through continuous theoretical exploration and revolutionary practice, gradually revealed the scientific connotation of justice and formed the Marx theory of justice. Based on the development level of social productivity, it emphasizes the historical reality of justice, and points out that it is only on the basis of fair distribution. In order to realize the free and comprehensive development of every social citizen, we can truly realize the justice ideal of human society. This paper, starting with the origin and development of the concept of justice, reveals the essence and value orientation of the theory by discussing the connotation and main characteristics of Marx's concept of justice, and further explores its practical significance.
The text is composed of five parts. The first part mainly explains the definition of the concept of justice and its historical development. This part is divided into four aspects: first, the definition of the concept of justice, the origin of the concept of justice, the interpretation of the meaning of justice both at all times and in all times, and a preliminary definition of the essence and theme of justice. Two, the ancient right It states the three main historical stages of the development of ancient social justice, and analyses the impact of the development of the ancient concept of justice and its defects. Three, the modern concept of justice. It mainly reviews the evolution and development of justice in western ideological circles from the Renaissance to the middle of the bourgeois revolution in the late period of the revolution. Four, the contemporary justice can be summarized as in the principles of justice on behalf of the status of Rawls in the modern capitalist society, as well as the genres of Rawls's theory of justice criticized the theory of justice.
The second part discusses the contents and main features of Marx's view of justice. All of Marx's works express a broad sense of justice. He has devoted his life to the righteous cause of human liberation. His contribution to the cause of human justice is also incomparable to other thinkers. This part first states Mark. The criticism of the concept of justice of the bourgeoisie and the demonstration of the realization of the ideal of the proletariat justice. The basic content of Marx's justice theory lies in exposing and criticizing the unjust nature of capital to labor rule, and derivation of his own ideal of proletarian justice, which can only be realized in the Communist society; To review the development of Lenin and the Communist Party of China on the concept of justice of Marx doctrine, this section includes Lenin's judgment and evaluation of Marx's view of justice and the two part of the subsequent Chinese Communists' deduction of the concept of justice of Marx, both of which are important parts of the theory of Marx 's positive righteousness today; finally, they are summed up. The main characteristics of Marx's view of justice are the historical reality of justice, the unity of institutional justice and substantive justice, and the unification of individual interests and common interests.
The third part reveals the spiritual essence and value point of Marx's view of justice. The spiritual essence of Marx's view of justice is the pursuit of the true freedom and equal value of human beings. Freedom and equality are the ultimate goals and basic tenet of the development of human society. Marx and Engels believe that only in the Communist society, only The freedom and equality that can be achieved as the highest value target of human society, and the freedom and equality advocated by the bourgeoisie are hypocritical and with class limitations. On the other hand, the ultimate value of Marx's view of justice is to realize the complete liberation of all human beings and the all-round and free development of a man, thus ending people and people. Between exploitation and oppression, to achieve the great ideal of communism. This is the eternal pursuit of human beings since ancient times, reflects the absolute and eternal Marx's concept of justice.
The fourth part makes a general analysis of the realistic meaning of Marx's view of justice. This is mainly from two angles: first, the concept of justice of Marx is the ideological weapon to criticize the view of the bourgeois justice. Our confidence in the cause of socialism. Only by fully recognizing the unjust nature of capitalism will it be believed that capitalism will eventually be replaced by a more just socialism. Two, Marx's view of justice is a theoretical guide to the construction of socialist justice. In the Marx doctrine justice view, the economic justice, especially the production justice, is in society. With the core of justice. In the view of historical materialism, the mode of production determines people's spiritual life, political life and social life, determines the fairness and justice of society, but also determines the concept of justice in people's minds.
The fifth part explores the relationship between Marx's view of justice and the construction of a harmonious society in China. This part first expounds that justice is the value basis of social existence and development, including two aspects: first, the ethical principles of social justice and social development; two is the predicament of social justice in China. The guiding significance of Marx's theory of justice to the construction of a harmonious society in China is divided into four main points: one is the Enlightenment of Marx's concept of justice to the construction of contemporary justice and justice in our country; the two is to build a socialist harmonious society, the construction of the system should be promoted, and the three is to build a socialistic harmonious society, and the problem of the livelihood of the people is to be solved. Four, to build a harmonious socialist society, we must realize ecological justice.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811;D09

【引证文献】