欧克肖特经验概念的实践哲学解读

发布时间：2018-06-24 02:53

本文选题：经验 + 哲学　；参考：《复旦大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：欧克肖特是二十世纪重要的思想家,尤其在实践哲学领域其思想更是有着异乎寻常的独创性和重要性。本文选择其经验概念为枢机,试图通过对这个概念的实践哲学解读来展示欧克肖特前后期思想的一致性以及这个概念本身所含有的实践哲学意义。实践哲学有三个环节。第一个环节是对哲学本身的规定和认识。第二个环节是对实践和政治体的哲学考察。第三个环节是对哲学与实践之间关系的考察,达到有实践自觉的哲学,即实践哲学。本文正文部分首先考察了欧克肖特从对经验的一般规定到哲学的环节,其过渡是对经验模式的论述。在欧克肖特看来经验就是思,经验世界是观念世界。不同的经验模式是有着不同前提和限定的思,是受限定的观念世界,相对整全世界而言是抽象的。而哲学追求具体的经验整体,是无条件的思。哲学之思的无条件性在于其对自身条件的自觉。在对哲学作出规定之后,本文接着考察了欧克肖特对实践经验的哲学思考。实践经验本身有两个维度,一个是实践活动,一个是实践活动在其中展开的背景,即政治体。因此本文接着分别考察了欧克肖特对实践和政治体的理解。在欧克肖特看来,实践有两个方面,一个方面是自我展现,另一个方面是自我创制。自我展现就是行为者通过选择做或说关联于所设想并希求的结果的这个而不是那个而对其自身的为其所理解的偶然处境的回应,所设想并希求的结果本身是由其他行为者的行动组成的。自我创制则是实践活动的动机和情感方面。由于行为者之间的实践交易本身具有暂时性,因此其持续进行依赖更为稳定的关系,欧克肖特称之为风习。风习有两种,一种是旨在提升实践交易成功率因而对于实践交易来说是工具性的,另一种则是非工具性,后者欧克肖特称之为道德风习。根据道德风习的联合欧克肖特称之为公民联合。公民联合构成了欧克肖特所属意的实践的背景。因此本文接着具体考察了欧克肖特的公民联合概念。欧克肖特将公民联合理解为国家的本质。公民联合区别于事业联合。对公民联合与事业联合的区别构成了欧克肖特实践哲学的一个重要环节。事业联合是为了追求一种共同的实质性目的而进行的人与人之间的联合,因此事业联合是为了满足人们的实质性目的。公民联合则是由道德风习构成的法的系统,欧克肖特也称之为公共事物。确立了公共事物之后就可以对统治和政治实践作出明确规定了。统治是对公共事物的维持,而政治实践则是根据公共事物的可欲性来对其状态作出某种更改。本文最后考察了欧克肖特思想中哲学与实践之间的关系,从而完成对其经验概念的实践哲学解读。
[Abstract]:Ake Short is an important thinker in the twentieth Century, especially in the field of practical philosophy, which has an unusual originality and importance. This article chooses his experience concept as a pivot and tries to show the consistency of Ake Short's thinking in the front and the back and the concept itself by the practical philosophical interpretation of this concept. There are three links in practical philosophy. The first link is the stipulation and understanding of philosophy itself. The second link is the philosophical investigation of practice and political body. The third link is to examine the relationship between philosophy and practice, and to achieve a practical and conscious philosophy, that is, practical philosophy.
The text of this article first examines Ake Short's link from the general provision of experience to philosophy, and its transition is an exposition of the empirical model. In Ake Short's view, experience is thought, and the experiential world is a conceptual world. The different experiential models have different presuppositions and limitations, which are limited to the conceptual world and the whole world. It is abstract. Philosophy pursues concrete experience as a whole. It is unconditional thinking. The unconditional thinking of philosophy lies in its consciousness of its own conditions.
After the provision of philosophy, this article then examines Ake Short's philosophical thinking about practical experience. The practical experience itself has two dimensions, one is practice and the other is the background of the practice, that is, the political body. This article then examines Kshot's understanding of practice and the political body. In Ou Kexiao In particular, there are two aspects of practice, one is self presentation, and the other is self creation. Self presentation is the actor's response to an accidental situation that is understood by itself by choosing or relating to the result of the imagination and seeking, and the result of the imagination and the outcome itself is by itself. The action of his actor is formed. Self creation is the motivational and emotional aspect of practical activities. As the practice of the actor is temporary, it continues to rely on a more stable relationship, which is called customs. There are two kinds of customs. One is to improve the success rate of practice and therefore to practice. Trading is instrumental, and the other is non instrumental. The latter Ake Short calls it moral discipline.
The union of citizens according to the moral custom of Ake Short is called the union of citizens. The union of citizens constitutes the background of Ake Short's practical practice. This article then examines Ake Short's concept of Civic Union. Ake Short understands the unity of citizens as the essence of the state. The union of citizens is different from the union of the cause. The distinction between the United States constitutes an important link in Ake Short's practical philosophy. The union of cause is the union between people and people in order to pursue a common and substantive purpose. Therefore, the union of the cause is to satisfy the substantive purpose of the people. The union of citizens is a system of law made up of moral habits, Ake Short also calls it. For public things. After the establishment of public things, the rule and political practice can be clearly defined. Rule is the maintenance of public things, and political practice is based on the desirability of public things to make some changes to its state. At the end of this article, the relationship between philosophy and practice in Ake Short Faith's thought is examined. A practical philosophical interpretation of the concept of its experience.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D091

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