萨特自由观与马克思自由观之比较探微

发布时间：2018-06-25 01:16

本文选题：自由 + 异化　；参考：《中共吉林省委党校》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：自由这一概念在哲学史上从未缺席,从古至今,哲学家们都在探索自由实现的路径。在19世纪到20世纪之间,马克思的自由观与萨特的自由观思想在西方近代哲学史上具有强烈的代表性。就此本文以萨特的自由观为切入点,参照马克思的自由观,浅析近代西方自由观。本文紧紧围绕萨特与马克思两者的自由观对自由进行探索,主要内容大致分为五个部分。第一部分笔者对自由思想进行追溯。从古罗马时期的哲学转向人本身开始到文艺复兴启蒙运动之后人们打破宗教束缚。步入德国古典哲学时期自由与必然的关系问题对马克思自由思想的启蒙,开始追寻自由。而后到了19世纪中叶,人本主义的崛起对萨特产生重大影响。第二部分主要阐述“外向自由”与“内向自由”两种自由的形成路径。马克思的“外向自由”之路从黑格尔哲学的理性自由开始,在对其理性自由的继承过程中,马克思结合社会现实在继承的过程中逐渐形成自己的自由观。萨特的“内向自由”之路以第二次世界大战为线索,主要分成两个阶段;第一阶段的存在主义的意识论,萨特在战前高度强调绝对自由,通过哲学、文学等不同方式对个人自由进行高度弘扬。第二阶段的存在主义的马克思主义,萨特经历了战争的洗礼之后开始向马克思的共产主义靠拢,结合社会实际对绝对自由进行限定。第三部分对自由的实现进行探讨。马克思“外向自由“的形成过程主要是人的异化消解过程,在这个过程中主要是人与自然、人与社会、人与类本质三从矛盾关系进行阐述,在矛盾中对人进行解放最后实现共产主义的自由。萨特内向自由是一种意识论,在这一部分主要讨论了其自由观中的三对主要关系,围绕其绝对自由展开讨论,分析其绝对自由里的不自由关系。第四部分笔者主要结合了马克思主义对萨特的自由观进行评价分析萨特自由观。其合理性主要表现在他否定宿命论,还人以意义,强调自由的重要性,创造自由积极选择的同时强调责任。其局限性则表现在他忽略了客观条件,否定必然,走向个人主义的虚无主义。第五部分作为结尾部分主要结合了马克思主义对萨特自由观的现代启示进行分析。主要从客体自由与主体自由两个方面进行阐述。在客体方面,国家为自由发展提供保障,社会为自由发展创造了良好环境;主题方面,我们要立足时代,在追求梦想的同时面向他人与社会,在主体与客体的有机统一中实现自由,创造价值。
[Abstract]:The concept of freedom has never been absent in the history of philosophy, and philosophers have been exploring the path of freedom since ancient times. From the 19th century to the 20th century, Marx's view of freedom and Sartre's thought of freedom had strong representation in the history of western modern philosophy. In this paper, Sartre's concept of freedom is taken as the starting point and Marx's view of freedom is consulted to analyze the modern western view of freedom. This paper focuses on the freedom of Sartre and Marx, the main content is divided into five parts. In the first part, the author traces the idea of freedom. From the philosophy of ancient Rome to man himself, to the Renaissance Enlightenment, people broke the religious shackles. In the period of German classical philosophy, the relationship between freedom and necessity enlightens Marx's freedom thought and begins to pursue freedom. Then, in the middle of the 19 th century, the rise of humanism had a major impact on Sartre. The second part mainly expounds the formation path of two kinds of freedom: extroversion freedom and introverted freedom. Marx's "extroverted freedom" begins with the rational freedom of Hegel's philosophy, and in the process of inheriting his rational freedom, Marx gradually forms his own view of freedom in the course of inheriting with the social reality. Sartre's path to "introverted Freedom" is based on World War II and is divided into two stages: the first stage of existentialism, Sartre's pre-war emphasis on absolute freedom, through philosophy, Literature and other different ways to carry out a high degree of personal freedom. The second stage of existentialism Marxism, Sartre experienced the baptism of war began to close to Marx's communism, combined with social reality to limit absolute freedom. The third part discusses the realization of freedom. The forming process of Marx's "extroverted freedom" is mainly the process of dissimilation and resolution of human beings, in which human beings and nature, human beings and society, and human nature are elaborated from the perspective of contradictory relations. Liberate people in contradiction and finally realize the freedom of communism. Sartre's introverted freedom is a kind of theory of consciousness. In this part, three pairs of main relations in his view of freedom are discussed, and the discussion is carried out around his absolute freedom, and the non-free relation in his absolute freedom is analyzed. The fourth part mainly combines Marxism to evaluate Sartre's concept of freedom. Its rationality is mainly manifested in his negating fatalism, giving meaning to people, emphasizing the importance of freedom, creating free and positive choices and emphasizing responsibility at the same time. His limitation is that he ignores objective conditions, negates necessity and moves towards individualism nihilism. The fifth part as the end part mainly combines the Marxism to carry on the analysis to the modern enlightenment of Sartre's concept of freedom. Mainly from the object freedom and the subject freedom two aspects carries on the elaboration. On the object side, the state provides guarantees for free development, and society creates a good environment for free development. On the subject, we have to base ourselves on the times and face others and society while pursuing our dreams. Realize freedom and create value in the organic unity of subject and object.
【学位授予单位】：中共吉林省委党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D081

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