欧美政治现代化理论与实践误区

发布时间：2018-08-23 11:45

【摘要】：18—19世纪欧美与20世纪亚非拉社会先后遭遇现代化冲击,处身于各自时代"千年未有之大变局"之中,欧美现代化早期的启蒙主义思想家与20世纪权威主义现代化学派对于政党与现代化的关系,分别呈交了代表各自时代思想界主流的观察与理论分析。前者认为"党派是自由政府的固有灾祸",必须坚决摒弃,后者认为"强有力的政党体制为吸纳新集团提供了制度化的组织与程序"是决定现代化成败的关键;前者未能预见到政党政治的大规模兴起,后者未能预见到苏联东欧政权的集体崩溃,说明两者都未能看清政治现代化的本质。上述理论失败的根源在于:两者都片面强调政党的组织-结构特征而忽略了制度形态的转变对于组织行为变化的关键作用。对英美早期与苏联各自政治发展历程的比较分析显示,政党组织的兴起有助于打破集体"行动不能"的困境,是专制主义退出历史舞台相对成本最低的路径,但如果对党派竞争权力的途径与方式不进行严格的限制与规范,必将因无法遏制党派自利冲动引发的"行动过度"而导致"公共权力资源"的滥用。
[Abstract]:From the 18th century to the 19th century, the European and American societies and the 20th century Asian, African and Latin American societies suffered from the impact of modernization. They were in the midst of the "great changes never happened in a thousand years" in their respective times. The former holds that "parties are inherent disasters of a free government" and must be firmly abandoned. The latter holds that "a strong political party system provides institutionalized organization and procedures for the absorption of new groups" is the key to success or failure of modernization; the former fails to foresee the large-scale rise of party politics and the latter fails to foresee the eastern part of the Soviet Union. The collective collapse of the European regime shows that neither of them can see clearly the nature of political modernization. The failure of the above-mentioned theory lies in the fact that both of them unilaterally emphasize the organizational-structural characteristics of political parties and neglect the key role of institutional changes in organizational behavior. It shows that the rise of Party organizations helps to break the predicament of collective "inability to act" and is the path of absolutism withdrawing from the historical stage with the lowest relative cost. However, if the ways and means of party competition power are not strictly restricted and regulated, it will inevitably lead to "public power" because of the "excessive action" caused by the party's self-interest impulse. The abuse of resources.
【作者单位】：上海交通大学国际与公共事务学院;
【基金】：2009年度教育部人文社会科学研究项目(09YJA810014)基金资助
【分类号】：D091

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