自发秩序的理据：哈耶克理性观研究

发布时间：2018-09-12 16:49

【摘要】：自觉支配人类社会运动,获得最大限度自由,是人类梦寐以求的理想。这一理想在近现代之前仅仅是一种梦幻,但随着科技空前进步,对自然的征服表现出无与伦比的威力之后,人们开始感到并相信人类可以像驾驭自然那样自觉支配人类社会的运动。人类社会是在一定的秩序支配下运动的。社会秩序存在以自发互动的方式形成的自发秩序和以刻意的理性建构方式形成的人为秩序。自觉支配人类社会运动意味着以人为秩序取代自发秩序。人类是否拥有建构出科学合理,较之自发秩序,能给我们带来更大自由的人为秩序的理性能力,是我们选择人为秩序抑或自发秩序的根本依据。哈耶克将坚信人的理性具有此能力的唯理主义称作建构论理性主义,将坚持人类社会运动是一个自发演进的过程,理性不具有此能力的理性观,称作演进论理性主义。哈耶克本人奉行演进论理性主义,否定建构论理性主义。哈耶克对两种理性主义的不同态度建立在对理性能力考察的基础上。哈耶克的考察存在两个维度。一是对理性能力的优缺予以界分——优势在于把握抽象事物——一般规则,而非特定时空中的特定事实。换言之,理性的优势在于掌握普遍知识,而非关于特定事实的具体知识。二是对理性作用的方式予以界分——理性更多地凭靠人的行动反复表明的经验性结果,而非理性推理,即理性作用的方式主要是间接的而非直接的。理性能力及作用方式的特征决定了人类建构不出科学合理、能给我们带来更大自由的人为秩序。人为秩序是以特定结果为目标,并依靠自上而下的全权性权力体系的"理性判断"——命令运行的秩序。这需要居于统摄性地位的命令者必须掌握并能有效运用相关的完备知识,无论普遍知识抑或具体知识。但是,知识的分立性,尤其具体知识的个体性、分散性、庞杂性和动态性等特征,决定了没有任何人或机构具有掌握建构人为秩序和支配人为秩序运行所需的完备知识的理性能力。另外,人为秩序建立在对未来预测的基础之上,未来在很大程度上取决于知识的增长,而哈耶克认为,人的理性没有能力预知知识的增长。这些知识问题成为理性,进而成为人为秩序的构成性限制。哈耶克对人为秩序在理性能力上受限的论证,除了从知识这一核心维度进行外,而且还从心智、复杂现象和文化演进等多个维度进行。在理性能力有限的情况下,人为秩序只能流于形式,仅仅成为控制人的手段。人为秩序要成为可能,就必须尽可能地减少社会的自发性与复杂性——限制人的自主性,消灭不合理性标准的人类文明。反之,自发秩序主要凭靠人们在长期自发互动中形成的一般规则而运行,它不存在共同的特定目标,仅仅是协调人们行为的工具,每个人都可以在遵守共同规则的前提下追求个人目标。因此,它具有很强的包容性,可为人类文明的维续,个人自由的选择,分散知识的利用,个人理性的运用,提供最广阔的空间。因此,在哈耶克看来,人为秩序与人的理性和自由是相背的,而自发秩序与人的理性和自由是相适的,这就是哈耶克理性观的基本结论。哈耶克从理性能力的维度解决秩序与自由的关系问题,较之从人性与权利等维度解决这一问题,前进了一步。无论我们持有什么样的人性论或权利观,如果得不到理性能力上的支持,都是虚妄的。哈耶克将理性能力与知识的存在状况——知识的分立性和知识的增长状况——新知识的不可预知性勾连起来。如果说哈耶克对理性与知识的关系的论证是成立的,那么他对秩序与自由的关系的解决就是成功的。从这个意义上说,哈耶克理性观为我们理解和选择社会秩序的运行方式提供了极具价值的理论参考。
[Abstract]:Consciously dominating the human social movement and gaining the maximum freedom is the dream that mankind covets. This ideal was only a dream before modern times, but with the unprecedented progress of science and technology, the conquest of nature showed unparalleled power, people began to feel and believe that human beings can control human beings as consciously as they control nature. The movement of human society. Human society moves under the control of a certain order. Social order exists in spontaneous order formed by spontaneous interaction and artificial order formed by deliberate rational construction. Rationalism, which can bring us greater freedom than spontaneous order, is the fundamental basis for us to choose artificial order or spontaneous order. Hayek himself pursues Evolutionary Rationalism and negates constructive rationalism. Hayek's different attitudes toward the two rationalism are based on the investigation of rational ability. Hayek's investigation has two dimensions. One is to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of rational ability. In other words, the advantage of reason lies in the mastery of general knowledge rather than specific knowledge of specific facts. The second is the distinction between the ways in which reason functions - rationality relies more on the empirical consequences of repeated human actions than on specific facts. Irrational reasoning, that is, the way rational functions is mainly indirect rather than direct. The characteristics of rational ability and mode of action determine that human beings can not construct a scientific and rational human order, which can bring us greater freedom. The order in which commands operate. This requires that commanders in a commanding position must master and effectively use relevant complete knowledge, whether universal knowledge or specific knowledge. In addition, artificial order is based on the prediction of the future, and the future depends largely on the growth of knowledge. Hayek believes that human reason has no ability to predict the growth of knowledge. Hayek's argumentation on the limitation of human order's rational ability not only proceeds from the core dimension of knowledge, but also proceeds from the dimension of mind, complex phenomena and cultural evolution. If artificial order is to be possible, it must be possible to reduce the spontaneity and complexity of society as much as possible - to restrict human autonomy, to eliminate the irrational standards of human civilization. Therefore, it has a strong tolerance and can provide the widest space for the maintenance of human civilization, the choice of individual freedom, the use of scattered knowledge, the use of individual rationality. This is the basic conclusion of Hayek's view of reason. Hayek solved the problem of the relationship between order and freedom from the dimension of rational ability, which is a step forward compared with solving the problem from the dimension of human nature and rights. If Hayek's argument on the relationship between reason and knowledge is valid, then his argument on the relationship between order and freedom is valid. In this sense, Hayek's rational view provides us with valuable theoretical reference for understanding and choosing the mode of operation of social order.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D091
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本文编号：2239623