试析施特劳斯基于现代性角度对洛克思想的认识

发布时间：2018-10-24 22:34

【摘要】：通过研究西方政治哲学思想,施特劳斯形成了自己的一套现代性观念。他不仅仔细的剖析了西方现代性观念的形成路径,而且系统的归纳了现代性的三次浪潮。施特劳斯认为现代性的本质是虚无主义。在分析现代性的第一次浪潮过程中,施特劳斯臆断地将霍布斯和洛克自然权利观念等同起来。他运用自己的现代性视角,认为洛克政治哲学思想中饱含着对霍布斯思想的认同,二者思想具有着先天的一致性。在应对现代性问题的方法上,他诉诸古典政治哲学传统,通过分析宗教改革时期各思想家的特点,指出现代性问题的症结在于马基雅维利、霍布斯和洛克对传统的反叛。他认为洛克的政治哲学思想是建立在虚无的自然权利和契约基础上的,从而认定洛克思想是对古典政治哲学的彻底否定和变革。另外,他还认为霍布斯将自由和权利相嫁接,形成了古典自由传统的现代断裂,由此导致洛克和传统的决绝。经过仔细的研读和对比,笔者认为,施特劳斯对洛克政治哲学思想的解读存在着片面性。一方面,霍布斯和洛克的自然权利观念并非完全一致,首先,在自然权利的表现上,霍布斯看重权利本身,而洛克更看重对权利的有效限定;其次,在自然权利基础的问题上,霍布斯热衷于人类激情,突出人性的罪恶,而洛克则认为人类虽好利,但是也认同合作,有向善的一面;再次,在自然法和自然权利关系的理解上,霍布斯将二者调和在一起,并且将其限定在自然状态之中,而洛克则将自然法同自然权利相区别,认为自然权利先于自然法,并认定自然法源于自然权利。另一方面,中世纪政治思想的发展蕴含着两条不同的进路,一个是教权政治,一个是王权政治,个人作为宗教和世俗两面的统一体的事实被霍布斯和洛克很好的沿用了。尤其是霍布斯,正是从他开始,近代的政治哲学思想就始终包含着个人主义的核心理念,这个个人是传承于古典,脱胎于现代的个人,由此,霍布斯和洛克的政治哲学中饱含着传统政治哲学个人的核心要素。
[Abstract]:By studying western political philosophy, Strauss formed his own set of modern ideas. He not only carefully analyzed the formation of the Western concept of modernity, but also systematically summed up the three waves of modernity. Strauss believes that the essence of modernity is nihilism. In the process of analyzing the first wave of modernity, Strauss equates Hobbes and Locke with the concept of natural rights. From his perspective of modernity, he thinks that Locke's political philosophy is full of the identity of Hobbes' thought, and the two thoughts have innate consistency. In dealing with the problem of modernity, he resorted to the tradition of classical political philosophy and pointed out that the crux of the problem of modernity lies in the rebellion of Machiavelli, Hobbes and Locke against tradition by analyzing the characteristics of various thinkers in the period of religious reform. He holds that Locke's political philosophy is based on the natural rights and contracts of nothingness, and concludes that Locke's thought is a complete negation and reform of classical political philosophy. In addition, he believes that Hobbes grafted freedom and power, forming the modern breakage of classical liberal tradition, which led to Locke's rejection of tradition. After careful study and comparison, the author thinks that Strauss' interpretation of Locke's political philosophy is one-sided. On the one hand, Hobbes and Locke's concept of natural rights is not completely consistent. First, Hobbes values rights themselves, while Locke values the effective qualification of rights. Secondly, on the basis of natural rights, Hobbes is keen on human passion, highlighting the evil of human nature, while Locke thinks that human beings are good, but they also agree that there is a good side to cooperation; and thirdly, Hobbes reconciles the two in the understanding of the relationship between natural law and natural rights. Locke distinguishes the natural law from the natural right, thinks that the natural right is prior to the natural law, and holds that the natural law originates from the natural right. On the other hand, the development of medieval political thought contains two different ways, one is the politics of religious power, the other is the politics of Wang Quan. The fact that the individual is a unity of religion and secular is well followed by Hobbes and Locke. Especially Hobbes, it was from him that the modern political philosophy thought always contained the core idea of individualism, this individual is inherited from the classical, is born out of the modern individual, thus, Hobbes and Locke's political philosophy is full of personal core elements of traditional political philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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