公元前4世纪雅典城邦的相对稳定与公民的政治参预研究
发布时间：2018-10-26 18:23
【摘要】：雅典城邦在公元前4世纪的各种“危机”,是某些现代学者理论塑造的结果。越来越多的学者开始注意到,这一时期的雅典城邦在公民集体的规模、经济的恢复和发展以及民主政治等方面都保持了相当的稳定性,显示出顽强的生命力。在促成稳定的诸多因素中,民主制的作用至关重要：由公民大会、陪审法庭和议事会以及各种公共官职构成的决策、司法和行政三大机制,在公元前4世纪呈现出不断规范化和专业化的趋势。这些变化一方面促进了公民的政治参预,另一方面也对公民的参预行为进行了规范,从而使城邦决策更加谨慎,司法更加公正,行政更加有效率。而公民对这些机制的广泛参预,就使之成为维护雅典城邦相对稳定的最重要和最常态的调控力量。具体而言,精英阶层与普通公民,在参预城邦决策的过程中,实现了对城邦的共同治理。前者凭借知识水平和演说技能等方面的优势,在决策过程中起着引导作用,而后者不仅可以与之现场互动,而且还可以更为积极地发起动议。更为重要的是,普通民众还掌握着最终的决定权,并对决策之前的民意和舆论有着重大影响。在对司法机制的参预中,大量公民直接参预各类公私案件的审理和判决,同时,由于各种矛盾都被公开辩论,司法机制还为缓和各种社会矛盾和宣泄不满情绪提供了一个可靠的“减压阀”。而雅典公民通过各种公职参预到城邦的行政体系之中,不仅实现了民主制“轮流执政”的理想,而且还较为高效地实现了城邦在行政管理、军事管理以及社会事务管理方面的职能,因此,在公民的广泛参预下,共同决策、公正司法以及“轮流执政”的各项机制,为公元前4世纪雅典城邦的相对稳定提供了强有力的保障。与此同时,参预的过程还塑造了有助于维护城邦稳定的意识形态。具体而言,共同决策的机制使得尊重民主和友爱互惠的观念深入人心,这就使得雅典民主政治的内在矛盾——在私有制基础上,政治平等与经济不平等之间的矛盾,并主要表现为较为富有的精英阶层与贫穷公民之间的矛盾——在公元前4世纪并不那么尖锐。而在参预司法的过程中,法律至上的观念颇为流行,公民的法律意识得以提高,逐渐抛弃了原始的崇尚报复的观念,代之以主张自我克制、宽容以及在法律框架内实现和解的观念。同时,公而雅典行政机制中强制力薄弱的特点,则反映了雅典公民反对强制,主张说服的自由和民主精神,同时又反映出雅典政治文化中追求和谐稳定的愿望。总之,公民对民主机构广泛参预,不仅使雅典民主制更加高效地运转起来,而且还塑造了雅典人崇尚互惠、鼓励包容,反对强制的民主意识形态,这与民主制本身一起,共同实现和维护了雅典城邦在公元前4世纪的相对稳定。
[Abstract]:The "crises" of the Athens polis in the 4 th century BC were the result of the theories of some modern scholars. More and more scholars began to notice that the Athens city-state in this period maintained considerable stability in the scale of the collective citizens, economic recovery and development, as well as democratic politics, showing tenacious vitality. Of the many factors contributing to stability, the role of democracy is crucial: the three major mechanisms of decision-making, justice and administration, made up of citizens' assemblies, jury courts and councils, as well as various public offices, In the 4 th century BC, it showed a trend of standardization and specialization. On the one hand, these changes promote citizens' political participation, on the other hand, they also regulate citizens' participation behavior, thus making polis decision-making more cautious, justice more fair, and administration more efficient. The citizen's extensive participation in these mechanisms makes them become the most important and normal regulating force to maintain the relative stability of the Athens polis. Specifically, the elite and ordinary citizens, in the process of participating in the polis-state decision-making, realize the common governance of the city-state. The former plays a leading role in the decision-making process by virtue of the advantages of knowledge and speech skills, while the latter not only can interact with it on the spot, but also can initiate a motion more actively. More importantly, ordinary people still hold the final decision and have a great influence on the public opinion and public opinion before the decision. In the participation of judicial mechanisms, a large number of citizens directly participate in the trial and adjudication of various types of public and private cases, and at the same time, due to various contradictions, they are openly debated, The judicial mechanism also provides a reliable relief valve for relieving social conflicts and disaffection. By participating in the administrative system of the city-state through various public offices, the Athenian citizens not only realized the ideal of "governing by turns" of the democratic system, but also more efficiently realized the administration of the city-state. Functions in the management of military and social affairs, and therefore, with the broad participation of citizens, joint decision-making, fair justice and mechanisms for "rotation of government", It provides a strong guarantee for the relative stability of the Athens city-states in the 4 th century BC. At the same time, the process of participation has shaped the ideology that helps to maintain the stability of the polis. In particular, the mechanism of joint decision-making has brought the concept of respect for democracy and fraternity to the hearts of the people, which makes the inherent contradiction between political equality and economic inequality on the basis of private ownership. And the conflict between the wealthier elite and poor citizens-less acute in the fourth century BC. In the process of participating in the administration of justice, the idea of the supremacy of law was quite popular, and the legal consciousness of citizens was raised, gradually abandoning the original concept of veneration of revenge, and replacing it with the idea of self-restraint. The concept of tolerance and reconciliation within the framework of the law. At the same time, the characteristics of public and weak coercive power in Athens administrative mechanism reflect Athenian citizens' opposition to coercion, the freedom and democratic spirit of persuasion, and the desire to pursue harmony and stability in Athenian political culture. In short, the broad participation of citizens in democratic institutions not only made the Athenian democracy work more efficiently, but also shaped the Athenians' advocacy of reciprocity, encouragement of tolerance and opposition to a compulsory democratic ideology, which, along with democracy itself, Together, the Athenian city-state was relatively stable in the fourth century BC.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09;K125
本文编号：2296582
[Abstract]:The "crises" of the Athens polis in the 4 th century BC were the result of the theories of some modern scholars. More and more scholars began to notice that the Athens city-state in this period maintained considerable stability in the scale of the collective citizens, economic recovery and development, as well as democratic politics, showing tenacious vitality. Of the many factors contributing to stability, the role of democracy is crucial: the three major mechanisms of decision-making, justice and administration, made up of citizens' assemblies, jury courts and councils, as well as various public offices, In the 4 th century BC, it showed a trend of standardization and specialization. On the one hand, these changes promote citizens' political participation, on the other hand, they also regulate citizens' participation behavior, thus making polis decision-making more cautious, justice more fair, and administration more efficient. The citizen's extensive participation in these mechanisms makes them become the most important and normal regulating force to maintain the relative stability of the Athens polis. Specifically, the elite and ordinary citizens, in the process of participating in the polis-state decision-making, realize the common governance of the city-state. The former plays a leading role in the decision-making process by virtue of the advantages of knowledge and speech skills, while the latter not only can interact with it on the spot, but also can initiate a motion more actively. More importantly, ordinary people still hold the final decision and have a great influence on the public opinion and public opinion before the decision. In the participation of judicial mechanisms, a large number of citizens directly participate in the trial and adjudication of various types of public and private cases, and at the same time, due to various contradictions, they are openly debated, The judicial mechanism also provides a reliable relief valve for relieving social conflicts and disaffection. By participating in the administrative system of the city-state through various public offices, the Athenian citizens not only realized the ideal of "governing by turns" of the democratic system, but also more efficiently realized the administration of the city-state. Functions in the management of military and social affairs, and therefore, with the broad participation of citizens, joint decision-making, fair justice and mechanisms for "rotation of government", It provides a strong guarantee for the relative stability of the Athens city-states in the 4 th century BC. At the same time, the process of participation has shaped the ideology that helps to maintain the stability of the polis. In particular, the mechanism of joint decision-making has brought the concept of respect for democracy and fraternity to the hearts of the people, which makes the inherent contradiction between political equality and economic inequality on the basis of private ownership. And the conflict between the wealthier elite and poor citizens-less acute in the fourth century BC. In the process of participating in the administration of justice, the idea of the supremacy of law was quite popular, and the legal consciousness of citizens was raised, gradually abandoning the original concept of veneration of revenge, and replacing it with the idea of self-restraint. The concept of tolerance and reconciliation within the framework of the law. At the same time, the characteristics of public and weak coercive power in Athens administrative mechanism reflect Athenian citizens' opposition to coercion, the freedom and democratic spirit of persuasion, and the desire to pursue harmony and stability in Athenian political culture. In short, the broad participation of citizens in democratic institutions not only made the Athenian democracy work more efficiently, but also shaped the Athenians' advocacy of reciprocity, encouragement of tolerance and opposition to a compulsory democratic ideology, which, along with democracy itself, Together, the Athenian city-state was relatively stable in the fourth century BC.
【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D09;K125
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前10条
1 崔丽娜;;雅典执政官任用程序的历史考察[J];安徽史学;2006年01期
2 解光云;;古典时期雅典城邦对贫富差距的制度调适[J];安徽史学;2006年04期
3 黄洋;;古代希腊的城邦与宗教——以雅典为个案的探讨[J];北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版);2010年06期
4 李尚君;;公元前4世纪雅典的“激进民主制”[J];复旦学报(社会科学版);2009年03期
5 张春梅;;权力制衡还是法律至上?——公元前4世纪雅典陪审法庭地位分析[J];古代文明;2010年04期
6 石庆波;;城邦:无国家的社会——关于希腊城邦国家资格的争论[J];世界历史;2011年04期
7 黄洋;雅典民主政治新论[J];世界历史;1994年01期
8 徐松岩;古典时代雅典奴隶人数考析──兼评“持续增长说”[J];世界历史;1994年03期
9 崔丽娜;陶片放逐制刍议[J];江西社会科学;2003年09期
10 崔丽娜;雅典五百人议事会的任命和运作[J];历史教学;2003年12期
相关博士学位论文 前1条
1 蒋保;演说术与雅典民主政治[D];复旦大学;2005年
，本文编号：2296582
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/zhengzx/2296582.html
