论先秦儒墨两家的政治人才观

发布时间：2018-11-02 07:16

【摘要】：自古以来,尚贤就被视为国家得以稳定和发展的必要条件。先秦诸子都将尚贤、任贤理论作为各自政治学说的重要部分,这也是实现他们政治理想的重要途径。从尧舜时期开始,就有了尚贤问题的出现。即使在世袭制的周代,也是注重人才的。奴隶社会是王位世袭制、世卿世禄制,因此君主在选拔人才的问题上都是任人唯亲。周王朝的建立仍然贯穿着“亲亲”制度,而周王朝的这种用人制度成为影响政治稳定的重要因素,周厉王的任人唯顺,周幽王的任人唯谀最终导致了政权的崩塌。春秋战国时期,王室衰微,诸侯强大使得各思想家活跃起来,从孔子开始,私人讲学及养士之风促进了新的人才思想的产生和发展,逐渐改变了任人唯亲的用人制度。春秋战国时期士人阶层的崛起与时代政局的混乱使得人才问题被提升到了史无前例的高度。崛起的士人阶层纷纷著书立说,宣扬各自的立国治国理论。直至封建官僚制取代世卿世禄制,人才思想才逐渐开始发展成型。尚贤的思想开始成为统治者治国安天下的首要条件。春秋战国时代的巨变也带来士人阶层性质的改变和士人社会身份、社会性格的改变。儒墨两家对于人才的界定,更多的是散见于他们政治理论当中的,如“仁”、“忠”、“义”等等词汇,凝聚在这些词汇背后的则是他们所预设出的圣贤人格,即所谓人才必然是符合圣贤人格的士人。他们赋予士人崇高的使命感和责任感,也要求士人具备博学、修身、善辩、仁义等等品质。为了实现各自的人生价值和政治理想,他们将贤人政治作为途径,渴望统治者识贤、任贤,贤才又能够忠诚地辅佐君主,从而实现他们最终的政治理想。但是,在王权的统治下,士人注定要挣扎于王权和道之间,思想上永远追求美好但难企及的道,行为上却不得不屈服于王权的统治。然而,尽管屈服于王权,儒墨两家人才理论的合理内核都被后世的任贤理论所吸收、发扬,奠定了我国古代人才思想的基础,并成为后世人才标准、人才培养、人才考察等人才理论的指引。
[Abstract]:Since ancient times, Shang Xian has been regarded as a necessary condition for the stability and development of the country. Shang Xian and Ren Xian's theory were regarded as an important part of their respective political theories in the pre-Qin period, which was also an important way to realize their political ideal. Since the period of Yao and Shun, there has been the problem of Shang Xian. Even in the hereditary Zhou Dynasty, talent was emphasized. Slave society is the hereditary system of the throne, so the monarch in the selection of talent is cronyism. The establishment of the Zhou Dynasty still runs through the system of "kinship", and the personnel system of the Zhou Dynasty has become an important factor affecting political stability. During the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, the decline of the royal family and the powerful princes made the thinkers active. From Confucius on, the style of private lectures and fostering scholars promoted the emergence and development of the new talent thought, and gradually changed the employment system of cronyism. The rise of scholars and the chaos of political situation in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period raised the talent problem to an unprecedented level. The rising scholars have written books and advocated their theories of ruling the country. Until the feudal bureaucracy to replace the Shi Qing Shi-fu system, the thought of talent began to develop and take shape gradually. Shang Xian's thought began to become the first condition for rulers to rule the country. The great changes in the Spring and Autumn and warring States period also brought about the changes in the social identity and social character of scholars. The two Confucian and Mohist schools define talents more widely in their political theories, such as "benevolence", "loyalty", "righteousness" and so on. That is, the so-called talent must be in line with the personality of the intellectuals. They gave them a high sense of mission and a sense of responsibility, as well as intellectual, self-cultivation, eloquence, benevolence and other qualities. In order to realize their own life value and political ideal, they regard the sage politics as the way, desire the ruler to know the sage, appoint the sage, and the talent can assist the monarch faithfully, thus realize their final political ideal. However, under the rule of Wang Quan, the scholars were destined to struggle between the king's power and the Tao. However, despite succumbing to Wang Quan, the rational core of both Confucian and Mohist talent theories was absorbed by Ren Xian's theory of later generations, and carried forward, which laid the foundation of our country's ancient talent thought, and became the talent standard and talent training for later generations. Talent inspection and other talent theory guidance.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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