卢梭政治道德思想评析
发布时间：2018-11-06 10:49
【摘要】：政治与道德,有着天然的千丝万缕的联系。古典政治哲学追求道德国家的建立,本质上就是一种道德哲学。马基雅维利提出了无道德的政治权术,现代政治学得以建立。政治与道德的关系也因此由隐晦而变得明显。现实政治与理想道德的价值问题一直是思想史上的重要问题,道德的至善是人类追求的终极目标。卢梭作为启蒙思想阵营中一个突出人物,对政治与道德有着更深刻的见解。卢梭的心中一直有着一颗道德的种子,他的道德感处于自然状态,是最美好的状态。其首部著作《论科学与艺术》就是一部辞藻考究的道德说教的文章。正是受狄德罗之托为《百科全书》编纂《论政治经济学》开始,卢梭才将思考从道德方面转向政治方面。他认为“一切都从根本上与政治相联系”,毕生追求政治自由的道德至善。卢梭深刻体会到他所处的社会现实亟需补充道德的养分,且坚信政治道德可以自我实现。卢梭的政治道德思想无论是对之后思想史上关于政治与道德关系的讨论,还是对之后现实政治的道德践行都有着深远影响。本文对卢梭的政治道德思想进行了具体评析,主要从以下三个部分进行阐述： 第一部分,从孕育卢梭思想的自然地理环境、社会人文氛围出发,继而深入挖掘卢梭内心对政治道德向往的深刻的哲学感觉论基础,结合政治道德发展的阶段延续性,探究卢梭政治道德思想产生的背景与缘起。 第二部分,总结卢梭政治思想体系,从中提炼出卢梭的政治道德思想框架。卢梭的政治道德以“自然平等”为起点,继而进入“社会不平等”状态否定了“自然平等”,通过订立社会契约、遵循公意指导,实现“社会平等”,即实现最大的善——自由。这部分从平等、社会契约、自由等几个关键点切入,探索卢梭政治道德思想内在的关系,并对卢梭政治道德思想进行审视与总结。 第三部分,从现实出发,分析卢梭政治道德思想的广泛而深刻的影响。卢梭的政治道德开启了一个新时代,对西方政治思想有着巨大影响,特别是他提倡的平等、自由,影响着一代又一代思想家。他继承又加以创新的社会契约论对后世西方政治思想的新契约论也大有启发。马克思、恩格斯亦多次提及卢梭,卢梭政治道德思想特别是自由理论对马克思、恩格斯的政治思想的影响不可否认。在中国,主要是民主革命时期,卢梭的政治道德思想在一定程度上鼓励与引导了当时的革命家。当代我国政治理念里善政与善治的提出也与卢梭的政治道德有异曲同工之意,它对于我国当代民主政治的建设具有重要参考价值。
[Abstract]:Politics and morality are inextricably linked. Classical political philosophy pursues the establishment of moral state, which is essentially a kind of moral philosophy. Machiavelli proposed unethical political power, and modern politics was established. The relationship between politics and morality has thus become apparent from obscurity. The value of realistic politics and ideal morality has always been an important issue in the history of thought. Rousseau, as a prominent figure in the camp of enlightenment thought, has a deeper understanding of politics and morality. Rousseau always had a seed of morality in his mind, and his moral sense was in a state of nature and the best. His first work, on Science and Art, is a rhetorical moral preaching article. It was under Diderot's mandate to compile political Economics for the Encyclopedia that Rousseau turned his thinking from a moral to a political one. He believed that "everything is fundamentally linked to politics" and pursued the moral best of political freedom all his life. Rousseau deeply realized that his social reality urgently needed to supplement the nutrition of morality and believed that political morality could be self-actualized. Rousseau's political and moral thought has a profound influence on the discussion of the relationship between politics and morality in the history of thought after, and on the moral practice of post-realistic politics. This article has carried on the concrete appraisal to the Rousseau's political moral thought, mainly from the following three parts carries on the elaboration: the first part, from the natural geographical environment which gives birth to Rousseau's thought, the social humanities atmosphere, Then it explores Rousseau's deep philosophical sensationalism foundation of his yearning for political morality and explores the background and origin of Rousseau's political moral thought in combination with the continuity of the political moral development stage. The second part, summarizes Rousseau's political thought system, abstracts Rousseau's political moral thought frame from it. Rousseau's political morality starts with "natural equality", and then enters into "social inequality", negates "natural equality", and realizes "social equality" by making social contract and following the guidance of public will. That is to achieve the greatest good-freedom. This part from equality, social contract, freedom and other key points to explore the internal relationship of Rousseau's political and moral thought, and to examine and summarize Rousseau's political and moral thought. The third part, from the reality, analyzes Rousseau's political moral thought widespread and profound influence. Rousseau's political morality opened a new era and had a great influence on western political thought, especially the equality and freedom advocated by Rousseau, which influenced generations of thinkers. He inherited and innovated the theory of social contract. Marx and Engels have repeatedly mentioned Rousseau's political moral thought, especially the influence of freedom theory on Marx's and Engels' political thought. In China, mainly during the period of democratic revolution, Rousseau's political and moral thought encouraged and guided revolutionaries at that time to a certain extent. The proposition of good governance and good governance in the contemporary political concept of our country also has the same meaning as Rousseau's political morality, which has important reference value for the construction of contemporary democratic politics in our country.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091
本文编号：2314054
[Abstract]:Politics and morality are inextricably linked. Classical political philosophy pursues the establishment of moral state, which is essentially a kind of moral philosophy. Machiavelli proposed unethical political power, and modern politics was established. The relationship between politics and morality has thus become apparent from obscurity. The value of realistic politics and ideal morality has always been an important issue in the history of thought. Rousseau, as a prominent figure in the camp of enlightenment thought, has a deeper understanding of politics and morality. Rousseau always had a seed of morality in his mind, and his moral sense was in a state of nature and the best. His first work, on Science and Art, is a rhetorical moral preaching article. It was under Diderot's mandate to compile political Economics for the Encyclopedia that Rousseau turned his thinking from a moral to a political one. He believed that "everything is fundamentally linked to politics" and pursued the moral best of political freedom all his life. Rousseau deeply realized that his social reality urgently needed to supplement the nutrition of morality and believed that political morality could be self-actualized. Rousseau's political and moral thought has a profound influence on the discussion of the relationship between politics and morality in the history of thought after, and on the moral practice of post-realistic politics. This article has carried on the concrete appraisal to the Rousseau's political moral thought, mainly from the following three parts carries on the elaboration: the first part, from the natural geographical environment which gives birth to Rousseau's thought, the social humanities atmosphere, Then it explores Rousseau's deep philosophical sensationalism foundation of his yearning for political morality and explores the background and origin of Rousseau's political moral thought in combination with the continuity of the political moral development stage. The second part, summarizes Rousseau's political thought system, abstracts Rousseau's political moral thought frame from it. Rousseau's political morality starts with "natural equality", and then enters into "social inequality", negates "natural equality", and realizes "social equality" by making social contract and following the guidance of public will. That is to achieve the greatest good-freedom. This part from equality, social contract, freedom and other key points to explore the internal relationship of Rousseau's political and moral thought, and to examine and summarize Rousseau's political and moral thought. The third part, from the reality, analyzes Rousseau's political moral thought widespread and profound influence. Rousseau's political morality opened a new era and had a great influence on western political thought, especially the equality and freedom advocated by Rousseau, which influenced generations of thinkers. He inherited and innovated the theory of social contract. Marx and Engels have repeatedly mentioned Rousseau's political moral thought, especially the influence of freedom theory on Marx's and Engels' political thought. In China, mainly during the period of democratic revolution, Rousseau's political and moral thought encouraged and guided revolutionaries at that time to a certain extent. The proposition of good governance and good governance in the contemporary political concept of our country also has the same meaning as Rousseau's political morality, which has important reference value for the construction of contemporary democratic politics in our country.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D091
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