洛克“自然状态”理论研究

发布时间：2018-12-12 09:06

【摘要】：政治哲学是任何哲学的目标所指,自然状态理论是政治哲学研究的出发点。约翰·洛克的自然状态理论对现代政治哲学的影响举足轻重。无“自然状态”之构想,则无人类“本真自由”之实现;无“自然状态”之设计,则无“国家状态”之成立;无“自然法”之昭示,则无“成文法”之颁布;无“财产权”之保障,则无“生存权”之基础。基于洛克“自然状态”如此之重要,本文以马克思主义的立场、观点和方法研究“自然状态”的哲学渊源、理论内容和理论影响。 “自然状态”作为“古典契约论”的逻辑假设,以经验主义认识论作为哲学基础,把人类带入历史上曾经出现过“自然状态”的情景,并以理性法作为“自然状态”的道德规定;哲学和政治并不是孤立的,只有用哲学的视角来理解政治,才能真正理解“自然状态”并设计出属人的“国家状态”;洛克继承了霍布斯自然状态,但他的“自然状态”明显区别于霍布斯的是自然状态中人和人关系理论。 “自然状态”作为“人类自由”的寓所归宿,其本质是人具有天生不可剥夺的权利;自然法在自然状态中指引一个自由而有智慧的人去追求他的正当利益并不妨碍他人行使权利;财产权是人类生存的保障,人类以自己辛勤的劳动得到一切正当属于他生命组成部分的一切,洛克在此基础上建立了“劳动价值论”;政治本身得不到合理性,必须跳出政治来解释政治,“自然状态”的道德规定是成立“国家状态”的法律准则,一个善的国家必须先在道德上得到合理的证明才能在成立后保护个人的人权。 “自然状态”作为“经济”的发展目标、“政治”的执政基础,要求“劳动和财产”运行的微观环境和“政治制度”运行的宏观环境要相辅相成。当代政治哲学家诺齐克深受洛克自然状态理论的影响,以“自然状态”为出发点,描述管事最少的“最小国家”是人类“劳动和财产”等利益侵犯最少的国家。马克思主义的政治正义——“自由人的联合”是根据“自由劳动”和“财产占有”两个属人的存在方式而设计的,在这个集体中实现了属人的人类的本真自由。
[Abstract]:Political philosophy is the goal of any philosophy, and natural state theory is the starting point of political philosophy research. John Locke's theory of natural state plays an important role in modern political philosophy. If there is no conception of "natural state", there will be no realization of "true freedom" of human beings; if there is no design of "natural state", there will be no establishment of "state of state"; if there is no indication of "natural law", there will be no promulgation of "statute law"; Without the protection of property right, there is no basis for the right to existence. Based on the importance of Locke's "natural state", this paper studies the philosophical origin, theoretical content and theoretical influence of "natural state" from the standpoint, viewpoint and method of Marxism. As a logical hypothesis of "classical contract theory" and based on empiricism epistemology, "natural state" brings human beings to the scene of "natural state" in history. And take the rational law as the moral stipulation of "natural state"; Philosophy and politics are not isolated. Only by understanding politics from the perspective of philosophy, can we truly understand the "state of nature" and design the "state of state" of human beings. Locke inherited Hobbes' natural state, but his "natural state" is obviously different from Hobbes' theory of the relationship between man and man. As the home of "human freedom", the essence of "natural state" is that man has the inherent inalienable right. The law of nature, in its natural state, guides a free and wise man to pursue his legitimate interests without hindering the exercise of rights by others; Property right is the guarantee of human existence. Human beings get everything that belongs to his life by their hard work. Locke established the theory of labor value on the basis of it. Politics itself is not reasonable, we must go out of politics to explain politics, the moral provisions of "natural state" is the legal norm of establishing "state of state". A good country must be morally justified before it can protect the human rights of individuals. As the development goal of "economy" and the ruling foundation of "politics", "natural state" requires the micro environment of "labor and property" and the macro environment of "political system" to complement each other. Influenced by Locke's theory of natural state, Nozick, a contemporary political philosopher, describes that the "smallest state", which is the least in charge, is the one with the least encroachment on human interests such as "labor and property". Marxist political justice, "the union of free man", is designed according to the two forms of existence of "free labor" and "possession of property", and realizes the true freedom of human being in this collective.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09

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