十九世纪中后期西欧政党政治的发展与第二国际的变迁研究
发布时间：2018-12-18 13:23
【摘要】：十九世纪中后期,随着资产阶级革命的结束,西欧社会进入了一个相对“和平”的发展时期。经济上,生产力的突飞猛进引起了生产关系的深刻变化,西欧各主要国家先后建立起以重工业为主体的现代化工业体系,垄断资本普遍产生；政治上,代议制民主的确立和普选权的进一步扩大,使议会内外的政党和各类社团组织兴起并得到迅速发展。生产力的发展带来了经济的繁荣,也激化了资本主义固有的基本矛盾,国际工人运动在经历巴黎公社失败的阴影后逐渐复苏。在马克思恩格斯的指导下,工人阶级及其政党利用当时的民主政治重新组织起来,将普选权作为主要斗争方式,成功地解决了政党的合法性问题。 第二国际就是在这一时代背景下成立的。第二国际从成立之初,就面临着西欧现代民主——政党政治不断发展的事实。民主政治的法制化和普选权的扩大,使选举成为政治民主的典型特征,政党组织和政党观念日益开放。一方面,资产阶级政党由传统的“权贵党”逐渐向大众党转变。另一方面,各国工人阶级政党顺应民主发展的趋势,日益习惯于利用民主的合法手段获取利益,并取得了显著成就。第二国际就是在政党政治不断发展的过程中走向解体的。 关于第二国际缘何破产,学者们主要从第二国际内部来找原因,将其独立于当时的历史条件之外,很难得出实事求是的论断。第二国际作为社会主义政党的国际联盟,它处在西欧现代化和民主化进程的时代背景中；而作为各国社会主义政党,它们则处在一定的国内形势当中。本论文正是从当时最大的背景——民主政治的发展入手,着重剖析政党政治的发展对第二国际变迁的影响。 论文主要采用的是文献研究法。通过大量文献的研究,发现第二国际与19世纪中后期西欧政党政治的发展之间的内在联系。政党政治给和平运动提供了舞台和载体,在一定程度上缓和了阶级矛盾,同时也把工人阶级及其政党的注意力吸引到议会活动上,这种转变的态势是无法逆转的,它客观上吻合当代社会政治发展的普遍规律。因此,第二国际的破产最终还得归因为现实,是民主政治发展的必然结果。
[Abstract]:With the end of bourgeois revolution in the middle and late 19th century, Western European society entered a period of relative "peace". In economy, the rapid development of productive forces has caused profound changes in relations of production. Western European countries have successively established a modern industrial system with heavy industry as the main body, and monopoly capital has generally emerged. In politics, the establishment of representative democracy and the further expansion of universal suffrage made political parties and various social organizations rise and develop rapidly. The development of productive forces brought about economic prosperity and intensified the inherent basic contradictions of capitalism. The international labor movement gradually recovered after experiencing the shadow of the failure of the Paris Commune. Under the guidance of Marx and Engels, the working class and its political parties used the democratic politics at that time to reorganize themselves and regard universal suffrage as the main struggle way, which successfully solved the legitimacy of political parties. The second International was founded under this background of the times. From the beginning of its establishment, the second International is confronted with the fact that modern democracy-party politics in Western Europe is developing. With the legalization of democratic politics and the expansion of universal suffrage, election becomes a typical feature of political democracy, and political party organizations and ideas are becoming more and more open. On the one hand, the bourgeois party gradually changed from the traditional "power party" to the mass party. On the other hand, the working-class political parties in various countries have adapted to the trend of democratic development and become increasingly accustomed to using the legal means of democracy to obtain benefits, and have made remarkable achievements. The second International disintegrated in the process of the continuous development of party politics. As to why the second International went bankrupt, the scholars mainly looked for the reason from the inside of the second International and made it independent from the historical conditions at that time, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion of seeking truth from facts. As the international alliance of the socialist political parties, the second International is in the background of the modernization and democratization of Western Europe, while as the socialist political parties of all countries, they are in a certain domestic situation. This thesis begins with the development of democratic politics, and analyzes the influence of the development of party politics on the second international change. The paper mainly adopts the literature research method. Through a large number of literature studies, we find the internal relationship between the second International and the development of party politics in the middle and late 19th century in Western Europe. Party politics has provided the stage and carrier for the peace movement, alleviated class contradictions to a certain extent, and at the same time attracted the attention of the working class and its political parties to parliamentary activities, which cannot be reversed. It objectively coincides with the universal law of contemporary social and political development. Therefore, the bankruptcy of the second International has to be attributed to reality, which is the inevitable result of the development of democratic politics.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D05
本文编号：2385917
[Abstract]:With the end of bourgeois revolution in the middle and late 19th century, Western European society entered a period of relative "peace". In economy, the rapid development of productive forces has caused profound changes in relations of production. Western European countries have successively established a modern industrial system with heavy industry as the main body, and monopoly capital has generally emerged. In politics, the establishment of representative democracy and the further expansion of universal suffrage made political parties and various social organizations rise and develop rapidly. The development of productive forces brought about economic prosperity and intensified the inherent basic contradictions of capitalism. The international labor movement gradually recovered after experiencing the shadow of the failure of the Paris Commune. Under the guidance of Marx and Engels, the working class and its political parties used the democratic politics at that time to reorganize themselves and regard universal suffrage as the main struggle way, which successfully solved the legitimacy of political parties. The second International was founded under this background of the times. From the beginning of its establishment, the second International is confronted with the fact that modern democracy-party politics in Western Europe is developing. With the legalization of democratic politics and the expansion of universal suffrage, election becomes a typical feature of political democracy, and political party organizations and ideas are becoming more and more open. On the one hand, the bourgeois party gradually changed from the traditional "power party" to the mass party. On the other hand, the working-class political parties in various countries have adapted to the trend of democratic development and become increasingly accustomed to using the legal means of democracy to obtain benefits, and have made remarkable achievements. The second International disintegrated in the process of the continuous development of party politics. As to why the second International went bankrupt, the scholars mainly looked for the reason from the inside of the second International and made it independent from the historical conditions at that time, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion of seeking truth from facts. As the international alliance of the socialist political parties, the second International is in the background of the modernization and democratization of Western Europe, while as the socialist political parties of all countries, they are in a certain domestic situation. This thesis begins with the development of democratic politics, and analyzes the influence of the development of party politics on the second international change. The paper mainly adopts the literature research method. Through a large number of literature studies, we find the internal relationship between the second International and the development of party politics in the middle and late 19th century in Western Europe. Party politics has provided the stage and carrier for the peace movement, alleviated class contradictions to a certain extent, and at the same time attracted the attention of the working class and its political parties to parliamentary activities, which cannot be reversed. It objectively coincides with the universal law of contemporary social and political development. Therefore, the bankruptcy of the second International has to be attributed to reality, which is the inevitable result of the development of democratic politics.
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D05
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