罗尔斯正义理论的论证方法研究

发布时间：2019-07-06 16:25

【摘要】：罗尔斯在当今学术界的地位不容质疑,对于这样一位伟大思想家,深入研究其理论及发展,研究其方法上的独到与创新之处,无论是对于促进中国学术发展还是建立社会主义正义制度来说,都显得意义深远。通过对国内外研究现状的分析,我们看到罗尔斯研究的层次正在不断走向深入,研究的内容也越来越广泛。但纵观国内外研究,学者们大都集中对罗尔斯理论层面上的解读,而对正义理论中采用的论证方法却关注不够。从广度上来说,目前研究都只关注其中某一种论证方法,没对论证方法之间的区别与联系进行探讨,从而理顺方法之间的内在关联；从深度上来说,目前研究局限于对各种论证方法进行描述性论述,没有对论证方法背后更深层的哲学基础进行阐述。罗尔斯理论中很大部分是关于正义理论的论证过程,罗尔斯的论证方法也是罗尔斯理论研究的一个重要组成部分。如果要更好地理解和把握罗尔斯的理论,对罗尔斯在理论中运用的各种论证方法就不能忽略。基于以上理由,本研究转换了一种研究的视角,即从论证方法的角度对正义理论进行解读,既可以解决目前对罗尔斯论证方法上研究的不足,又能对各种论证方法的发展与融贯性有更深刻了解,从而提升罗尔斯研究的广度与深度。本文首先概括了罗尔斯对正义论论证的思考,厘清了理论与论证方法之间的关系；讨论认为罗尔斯运用了四种论证方法,即直觉主义方法、契约论方法、反思平衡和建构主义方法,并将这四种论证方法作为本文的研究主题。围绕这一主题,文中将阐述各种论证方法的涵义,并讨论各论证方法与理论之间、各论证方法之间的相互关系,探讨各论证方法在正义理论中的合理性与融贯性,并尝试揭示论证方法背后的哲学基础。本文研究表明,直觉主义方法、契约论方法、反思平衡和政治建构主义方法都是作为罗尔斯正义理论的论证方法在不同的层面存在着。直觉主义方法虽有其在论证过程中的缺陷,但在建立正义理论的基础上却发挥了不可替代的作用；契约论的方法,尤其是普遍同意的准则为正义原则的普遍性提供了合理的论证；政治建构主义方法作为各种论证方法的综合,使正义原则在秩序良好社会中更加现实；反思平衡方法使正义的观念在个人层面和公共层面都得到论证。有些方法是针对特定的理论问题而存在某一阶段,有些则贯穿了整个理论；各种方法之间虽保持相对独立却能相互支持,方法之间、理论之间保持了融贯一致。最后,经过讨论认为：罗尔斯正义理论论证方法背后的哲学基础是西方的理性主义方法。文章通过梳理了理性主义方法在正义论证中的脉络,概括出罗尔斯理性主义方法的特点,并由此讨论了关于理性主义方法在正义论证中的限度问题。通过研究表明：罗尔斯论证的正义原则难以在当今社会具有普遍性,归根结底是人类理性对世界的认识始终是有限的,人类不可能超越这种有限性。
[Abstract]:The position of Rawls in the academic world is not to be questioned, and for such a great thinker, in-depth study of its theory and development, and to study the unique and innovative features of its method, whether for the promotion of the academic development of China or the establishment of a socialist justice system, It's so far-reaching. Through the analysis of the present research situation at home and abroad, we see that the research level of Rawls is moving in depth, and the content of the research is becoming more and more extensive. In general, but at home and abroad, most of the scholars focus on the interpretation of the theory of Rawls, and the method of argument used in the theory of justice is not only concerned. That's enough. In terms of the breadth, the present study only focuses on one of the methods of the demonstration, and the difference and the relation between the methods are discussed, so that the internal relation between the methods is rationalized. In terms of the depth, the present study is limited to the description of various demonstration methods. It's not based on a deeper philosophical foundation in the back of the argument. The most part of the Rawls' theory is the process of the argument of the theory of justice, and the method of argument of Rawls is also an important component of the theory of Rawls. If it is to better understand and grasp the theory of Rawls, the various methods used in the theory of Rawls can't be ignored. On the basis of the above reasons, this study has transformed the view of the research, that is, the interpretation of the theory of justice from the angle of the method of argument, not only can solve the shortcomings of the research on the method of the theory of the Rawls, but also have a deeper understanding of the development of various methods of argument. Learn to improve the breadth of the Rawls study. This paper first summarizes the thinking of Rawls's argument on the theory of justice, and makes clear the relation between the theory and the demonstration method. The discussion holds that Rawls has applied four methods of demonstration, namely, the method of intuitionism, the method of contract theory, the reflection of the balance and the construction. The method of structuralism and the four methods of demonstration are used in this paper. The subject of the study is to set forth the meaning of various demonstration methods, and to discuss the relationship between the methods and theories of each argument, and to discuss the rationality and the fusion of each demonstration method in the theory of justice and try to reveal the back of the demonstration method. The research of this paper shows that the method of intuitionism, the method of contract theory, the reflection balance and the political constructivism are all the proof methods of the Rawls's theory of justice. In the same aspect, the method of orthodogmatism has played an irreplaceable role on the basis of the establishment of the theory of justice, but the method of the contract theory, in particular the universally accepted criterion, is the universal reference of the principle of justice. The method of political constructivism, as a combination of various demonstration methods, makes the principle of justice more realistic in order and good society; the reflection of the balance method makes the concept of justice at the personal level and the public In some ways, there is a certain stage for specific theoretical problems, some of which run through the whole theory, while maintaining the relative independence between the various methods can be mutually supportive, between the methods, between the theory and the other, Finally, after the discussion, the philosophical basis behind the theory of the theory of Rawls' theory of justice is that The western rationalism method, by combing the context of the rationalism method in the justice demonstration, summarizes the characteristics of the Rawls' rationalism method, and therefore discusses the rationalism method in the positive The study shows that the principle of justice in Rawls' argument is hard to be universal in today's society. In the final analysis, the human reason is always limited to the world, and the human does not
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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