五代时期汴州城市环境初探

发布时间：2018-01-24 10:31

本文关键词： 五代时期汴州城城市环境　出处：《陕西师范大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：五代时期,定鼎黄河流域的后梁、后晋、后汉、后周四个王朝相继定都汴州,为其政治地位的提升、人口的增加、商业的繁荣创造了良好的条件。然而,在后周世宗显德三年(956)增筑汴州罗城之前的五代绝大部分时间里,汴州城沿袭的是唐代建中二年(781)李勉所扩建后的规制,此时已很难胜任其应有的都城使命,特别是在五代后期其都城地位得到稳定与强化之后。如此尴尬境地的形成,原因是多方面的。第一,汴州城市面积狭小,除却王朝政治核心区域的宫城,其周长“二十里一百五十五步”,即便以正方形合计(按,周长相等的四边形中正方形面积最大),各边长也仅约2887米,着实难以承载诸多衙署兵营、官第民舍、佛寺道观和手工业、商业等场所；第二,尽管五代时期有四个王朝以汴州为都城,但直至后晋、后汉时,其都城地位才得以初步确立。在后汉之前的长时间里,由皇帝驻跸地点的变化、都城的迁移、政权的更替等因素引起的频繁形势变化,对汴州城造成了较大的冲击；第三,随着五代后期汴州城都城地位的稳固,大量衙署、人口涌入,民众“侵街衢为舍”,不利于城市宜居环境的维护；第四,先秦鸿沟的开凿和隋唐两朝对汴河(通济渠)的沿袭使用,特别是河堤的修筑,改变了汴州周边诸多河流的既有流路,造成了“沮洳卑湿”的地域环境,加之五代时期汴州的气候以温湿为主,最终造就了汴州城内“屋宇交连,街衢湫隘,入夏有暑湿之苦,居常多烟火之忧”的城市环境。虽然作为最高统治者的皇帝可以通过临幸汴州城郊的庄园或巡行外地缓解汴州城市环境对其的不利影响,然而这并非长久之计。面对汴州都城地位的稳固和集聚效应的凸显,最终促成了后周世宗对汴州城的扩建。面积增大了4倍的汴州城,结合扩城之前的合理规划,之前的城市面貌有了一定程度的改善,进而为北宋奠都于此提供了较为坚实的基础条件。总之,笔者通过对《旧五代史》、《新五代史》、《五代会要》、《资治通鉴》等史籍的梳理,粗略勾勒出五代时期汴州城市环境的基本状况,探讨了引起其城市环境变化的诸多要素,指出了在自然环境、城市规制相对变化不大的情况下,人口数量的增减(频繁的社会形势变化所致)成为左右汴州城市环境好坏的主要因素——少则有所改善,多则趋于恶化,这虽为五代时期汴州城市环境的变化趋势,却也为今天全国风起云涌的城乡一体化建设、旧城区改造升级过程中宜居环境的合理规划与营造提供了些许的参考借鉴。
[Abstract]:In the period of five dynasties, the four dynasties of the Yellow River Valley of Dingding, Jin, Han and Zhou dynasties successively settled Bianzhou, which created good conditions for the promotion of its political status, the increase of population, and the prosperity of commerce. During most of the five dynasties before the construction of Bianzhou Luocheng, Bianzhou followed the extended regulation of Li Mian after the second year of Jianzhong of Tang Dynasty. At this time, it is very difficult to be competent for its mission of capital, especially after the status of capital was stabilized and strengthened in the late five dynasties. The formation of such an embarrassing situation is due to various reasons. First, Bianzhou City is small in area, except Miyagi City, which is the core area of dynastic politics, and its circumference is "20 li and 155 steps". Even if the square is taken together (according to the quadrilateral with equal circumference, the square has the largest area, each side is only about 2,887 meters long, it is really difficult to carry many government barracks, official houses, Buddhist temples and handicrafts. Business and other places; Second, although there were four dynasties in the five dynasties to Bianzhou as the capital, but until the later Jin, after the Han Dynasty, its capital status can be initially established. In the long period before the Han Dynasty, by the emperor in the place of change. The frequent changes of the situation caused by the transfer of capital and the change of political power caused a great impact on Bianzhou. Third, with the stable status of Bianzhou capital in the late five dynasties, a large number of Yazu, the influx of population, people "invade the streets for the house", which is not conducive to the maintenance of the livable environment of the city; In 4th, the chiseling of the gap between the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the Sui and Tang dynasties followed the Bianhe River (Tongji Canal), especially the construction of the river embankment, which changed the existing flow path of many rivers around Bianzhou and caused the regional environment of "mud and dampness". In addition, the climate of Bianzhou in the five dynasties was dominated by temperature and humidity, which finally brought up the city environment of "houses intersecting, street thoroughfares, summer heat and dampness, and often many pyrotechnic worries" in Bianzhou. Although the emperor as the supreme ruler can alleviate the adverse impact of Bianzhou city environment through the manor or tour in the suburbs of Bianzhou. However, this is not a long-term solution. In the face of the Bianzhou capital status of the firm and agglomeration of the highlight, ultimately contributed to the expansion of Bianzhou City after the Zhou Shizong. The area of Bianzhou increased by 4 times. Combined with the reasonable planning before the expansion of the city, the appearance of the city was improved to a certain extent, and thus provided a relatively solid foundation for the Northern Song Dynasty. In a word, the author sketches out the basic conditions of Bianzhou's urban environment in the five dynasties period by combing the historical books such as the History of the Old five dynasties, the History of the New five dynasties, the meeting of the Fifth Generation, and the Zizhitong Jian. This paper probes into the factors that cause the change of urban environment, and points out that the urban regulation has little change in the natural environment. The increase and decrease of population (caused by the frequent changes of social situation) become the main factors that influence the city environment of Bianzhou-the less is improved, the more tends to deteriorate. Although this is the change trend of Bianzhou city environment in the five dynasties period, it is also the urban and rural integration construction of the whole country. The reasonable planning and construction of livable environment in the process of renovation and upgrading of old urban areas provide some reference.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU984.2;K243.1

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