北宋前期知制诰考论

发布时间：2018-04-19 15:16

本文选题：宋代 + 知制诰　；参考：《兰州大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：“以文书御天下”是中国固有的传统。在帝制中国,正是以各种文书为手段和媒介,官僚体制的运作以及国家的日常统治才得以实现。而作为负责草拟中央重要文书的官员——词臣,其接近权力中枢,在国家政治中的作用和意义不可轻忽。此外,就当下宋代政治制度史的研究而言,以往那种从制度的典章条文出发、静态的、文本式的研究路径,已逐渐过渡为注重制度运作的实态、有过程、作为关系的制度史研究。是以,选择北宋前期的知制诰这一职官,在梳理相关制度的基础上,将其置于北宋前期的政治情势中,注重与其他权力主体间的关系研究,是深化政治制度史研究的必要基础。知制诰这一官职自唐代产生之初即是一种令外之官。正是伴随着唐五代时期使职的扩大化、官与差遣分离之固定化以及“文”的价值日益提升等进程,才由唐入宋,形成了北宋前期的知制诰。作为一种中枢秘书官,近百年来前人已对其有了很成熟的研究。基本厘清了知制诰的组织编制、选任标准、职能地位、草制程序及在政令颁行过程中的位置和作用等一系列的相关制度内容。基于此,本研究在前人基础上分四章展开:第一章讨论知制诰的职名化。北宋前期知制诰的性质有外制差遣、内制加衔和职名之别。在北宋前期,知制诰主要地是负责起草外制的差遣官,但在同时又渐渐地发生了品位化,亦可称为职名化。其职名化发端于太宗雍熙二年(985)知制诰赵昌言将“知制诰”衔带出京师而不草词,并在此后成为惯例。真宗朝的知制诰衔可因入院、出院之差异在差遣和职名间双向切换。神宗朝熙宁二年(1069)知制诰的职名范围扩大到中央的三司,但并未普遍化。知制诰作为职名时之序列,一般在待制之上、直学士之下。第二章讨论知制诰的兼官。最为此前之相关研究所忽略者,是知制诰官在本身之职权外,还兼领了众多的中央他府机构及其职事。主要的兼官,集中在铨选考课、司法监察、文书奏进及封驳和言事等原三省六部之外旁设的新生机构。从制度设计的角度来讲,其目的在于“省官而不废事”和“事权合一”。此举在扩大了知制诰官员职权的同时,其以皇帝侧近身份掌之亦是权力向皇帝的集中。同时,知制诰作为重要的执政后备人才,兼官之众多且剧要,也是对知制诰官员的重视与历练。第三、四章讨论知制诰的职权演变。在北宋前期,知制诰之职权依政治情势之不同而有所演变。太祖朝,草词是基本职责,知制诰备顾问的近臣特征尚不够明显。正式的外制词臣除知制诰外尚有中书舍人。太宗即位初期,为掌控政局多以中书舍人和直舍人院掌外制,鲜有任命知制诰。朝政稳定后,外制草词权又转移到了知制诰手中,并在此后制度化。在太宗朝,知制诰的近臣意义凸显,并奠定了此后知制诰重文词、多兼官、受重用、领外藩、职名化的特征。仁宗庆历元年(1041)后的知制诰,因拥有了封驳权本身的职权有所扩大。但对封驳的功效不宜做过高的估计,封驳所体现出宋代制度运行中的权力制衡正是其价值所在。在神宗熙宁三年(1070)后,其职权多为直舍人院所分割。元丰五年正官名后,知制诰的外制差遣使命遂告终结。
[Abstract]:It is an inherent tradition of China to "protect the world with a document". In the Imperial China, it is the means and media of various instruments, the operation of the bureaucracy and the daily rule of the state. As an official responsible for drafting important central documents of the Central Committee, the CI minister, which is close to the center of power, can not be light on the role and significance of the state politics. In addition, as far as the study of the history of the political system of the Song Dynasty is concerned, the previous research path from the provisions of the system, the static and the text type, has gradually shifted to the reality of the system operation and the process, as a study of the system history of the relationship. On the basis of this, it was placed in the political situation in the early Northern Song Dynasty, paying attention to the study of the relationship with other powers, which was the necessary foundation for deepening the study of the history of the political system. As a kind of central Secretarial Officer, the predecessors had a very mature research on it in the last hundred years. It basically clarified the organization, the standard, the function status, the order of the grass system and the position and function in the process of the decree promulgation. On the basis of this, this study is divided into four chapters on the basis of the predecessors: the first chapter discusses the title of Zhi Gao. It can also be called the name of the title. Its name is in the two years of the emperor Yongxi (985) Zhao Changyan, who has brought the title of "know Gao" to the master and not the grass, and then became the Convention. To the three divisions of the Central Committee, but not universally. As the sequence of the title, he is generally under the system, under the direct bachelor's degree. The second chapter discusses the concurrently officer of Zhi Gao. From the point of view of the system design, the purpose of the new institutions is "provincial officials without waste" and "unity of power" from the point of view of the system design. At the same time, it expanded the power of the officials of the emperor to the emperor and the power of the emperor to the emperor as well as the emperor's power to the emperor. At the same time, the third, fourth chapter discussed the evolution of the functions and powers of Zhi Gao in the early Northern Song Dynasty. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the authority of the emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty had evolved according to the different political situation. In the early stage of emperor Tai Zong, there were few appointments to the political situation in order to control the political situation. It has laid out the characteristics of the words of the later knowledge, which is more official, more official, reused, leading the vassal vassal and the name of the job. After the yuan year of the Qing Dynasty (1041), the power of the refutation power itself has been expanded. But the effect of the refutation should not be overestimated, and the power balance in the system of the Song Dynasty is its price. After three years (1070), the powers of Shen Zin Ning were mostly divided into the straight people's court. After Yuanfeng's official appointment in five years, the mission of the external system was terminated.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K244

【相似文献】