从林爽文起义看早期天地会的自我意识
发布时间：2018-07-29 06:00
【摘要】：天地会是创立于乾隆时期的秘密会党,最初只是福建、广东地区众多民间异姓兄弟结拜团体之一。在乾隆、嘉庆年间,天地会尚处于发展的初期,这一时期主要处在积累和发展的阶段。天地会的产生,是清中叶商品经济发展和底层社会矛盾共同作用的结果,是底层民众结成的互助互济团体。天地会在其发展过程中,呈现了一定的规律性,且在早期天地会自我意识中得以体现。天地会的自我意识包含三个方面的内容：自我认识、自我体验、自我控制,本文围绕这三个方面展开研究,以林爽文起义这一天地会的自我体验为楔入点,了解天地会自我意识的发展与变化。第一方面,天地会的自我认识。首先需理清天地会的源流,天地会在何时期由何人创立直接影响天地会的性质,也间接影响它的自我意识,通过对康熙说与乾隆说两种说法的比较,本文认为天地会起源于乾隆时期的说法更有说服力,早期天地会是底层民众结成的互助抗暴组织。因其思想来源于民间,所以天地会在自我认识中要符合底层社会的民间文化和民间信仰,具体的表现为忠义观念和宗教观念。第二方面,林爽文起义与天地会的自我体验。林爽文起义是天地会建立初期最大规模的起义活动,起义军将领多为天地会成员,所建立的顺天政权出自天地会顺天行道的口号。林爽文起义是在台湾特定的社会背景下爆发的,而这一社会背景与天地会产生时期闽粤地区十分相似。起义过程可分为三个阶段,起义军曾控制台湾大部分地区。林爽文起义的失败,一方面由于清政府的镇压,另一方面,也因为其陷入到台湾地区漳泉械斗的困境中。第三方面,天地会的自我控制。由于林爽文起义属于天地会发动的起义,其所建立的政权也能体现了天地会的自我控制。由于起义军领导人物的文化层次不高,在政权的组建过程中,出现了官职混乱和自封官职的现象。天地会在传会中自我控制的手段主要是会盟仪式和暗语手势,既保证入会成员不泄露会中机密,还保证成员相认时不被他人看破。这是一项自我保护机制,而作用其中的正是天地会的自我认识,天地会忠义观念在道义上约束入会成员,而宗教观念则使天地会产生神秘感,对入会成员实行心理上的约束。林爽文起义后,天地会在传会手段、宣传方式上都产生了新的变化。其一是传会更加正式,需要木戳、传会花贴、会簿等传会凭证,克服了以往成员私自随意传会的问题,大量的文字材料也使天地会在各地的传播具有统一性。其二是“反清复明”的政治目标开始确立,有效的将地区宗族矛盾转化为满汉矛盾。天地会的自我认识影响其自我体验与自我控制,反过来,其自我体验与自我控制也促使天地会自我认识不断的更新和发展,早期天地会通过林爽文起义积累了更多的经验,在林爽文起义之后逐步完善,不仅活动更为隐蔽,其自我控制也变得更为完善。
[Abstract]:Heaven and Earth Association was founded in the Qianlong period of the secret party, initially only Fujian, Guangdong folk surnames of many brothers worship group. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, the heaven and earth society was still in the early stage of development, which was mainly in the stage of accumulation and development. The generation of heaven and earth association is the result of the development of commodity economy and social contradiction in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and it is a mutual aid and mutual economic organization formed by the bottom people. In the course of its development, the heaven and earth society presented certain regularity, and was reflected in the early self-consciousness of heaven and earth meeting. The self-consciousness of Heaven and Earth Club includes three aspects: self-cognition, self-experience, self-control. Understand the development and change of self-consciousness of heaven and earth. The first aspect is the self-knowledge of the World Club. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the origin of the Heaven and Earth Association. At what time, who created the Society will directly affect the nature of the Society and indirectly affect its self-consciousness. Through the comparison of the two theories of Kangxi and Qianlong, This paper argues that the heaven and earth association originated in Qianlong period is more persuasive, the early heaven and earth meeting is a mutual aid and anti-riot organization formed by the underclass people. Because its thought comes from the folk, so the heaven and earth society should accord with the folk culture and the folk belief in the bottom society in the self-cognition, the concrete manifestation is the loyalty idea and the religious idea. The second aspect, Lin Shuangwen uprising and the self-experience of heaven and earth association. Lin Shuangwen uprising is the largest uprising activity in the early stage of the establishment of the Heaven and Earth Association. The rebel generals are mostly members of the Heaven and Earth Association, and the Shuntian regime was established by the slogan of the Shuntian Association of Heaven and Earth. Lin Shuangwen's uprising broke out under the specific social background of Taiwan, which is very similar to that of Fukien and Guangdong during the period when Heaven and Earth were born. The uprising can be divided into three stages. The rebels once controlled much of Taiwan. The defeat of Lin Shuangwen's uprising was due to the suppression of Qing government and the dilemma of Zhangquan in Taiwan on the other hand. The third aspect is the self-control of the world society. Because the uprising of Lin Shuangwen belongs to the uprising launched by the Heaven and Earth Association, the regime established by it can also embody the self-control of the Society of Heaven and Earth. Because of the low cultural level of the leaders of the Rebellion, there was confusion and self-styling in the formation of political power. The main means of self-control in the congregation are the association ceremony and the sign of code words, which not only ensure that the members do not reveal the secrets of the meeting, but also ensure that the members do not see through the other when they recognize each other. This is a mechanism of self-protection, and it is the self-awareness of the World and Earth Association in which the concept of loyalty and righteousness restrains the members of the Association morally, while the religious concept makes the heaven and earth have a sense of mystery and impose psychological constraints on the members of the congregation. After the uprising of Lin Shuangwen, there were new changes in the means of communication and propaganda. The first is that the conference is more formal and requires a wooden stamp, flowers, books, etc., which overcomes the problem of the past members passing the meeting privately and freely. A large number of written materials also make the communication of heaven and earth in various places uniform. Second, the political goal of "anti-Qing and restoring Ming" began to be established, effectively transforming regional clan contradictions into Manchu and Han contradictions. The self-awareness of the World Association influences its self-experience and self-control. In turn, its self-experience and self-control also promote the constant renewal and development of the self-knowledge of the Society. In the early days, the Society accumulated more experience through Lin Shuang-wen 's uprising. After the Lin Shuangwen uprising, not only the activities became more concealed, but also its self-control became more perfect.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K249
本文编号：2151756
[Abstract]:Heaven and Earth Association was founded in the Qianlong period of the secret party, initially only Fujian, Guangdong folk surnames of many brothers worship group. During the Qianlong and Jiaqing years, the heaven and earth society was still in the early stage of development, which was mainly in the stage of accumulation and development. The generation of heaven and earth association is the result of the development of commodity economy and social contradiction in the middle of Qing Dynasty, and it is a mutual aid and mutual economic organization formed by the bottom people. In the course of its development, the heaven and earth society presented certain regularity, and was reflected in the early self-consciousness of heaven and earth meeting. The self-consciousness of Heaven and Earth Club includes three aspects: self-cognition, self-experience, self-control. Understand the development and change of self-consciousness of heaven and earth. The first aspect is the self-knowledge of the World Club. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the origin of the Heaven and Earth Association. At what time, who created the Society will directly affect the nature of the Society and indirectly affect its self-consciousness. Through the comparison of the two theories of Kangxi and Qianlong, This paper argues that the heaven and earth association originated in Qianlong period is more persuasive, the early heaven and earth meeting is a mutual aid and anti-riot organization formed by the underclass people. Because its thought comes from the folk, so the heaven and earth society should accord with the folk culture and the folk belief in the bottom society in the self-cognition, the concrete manifestation is the loyalty idea and the religious idea. The second aspect, Lin Shuangwen uprising and the self-experience of heaven and earth association. Lin Shuangwen uprising is the largest uprising activity in the early stage of the establishment of the Heaven and Earth Association. The rebel generals are mostly members of the Heaven and Earth Association, and the Shuntian regime was established by the slogan of the Shuntian Association of Heaven and Earth. Lin Shuangwen's uprising broke out under the specific social background of Taiwan, which is very similar to that of Fukien and Guangdong during the period when Heaven and Earth were born. The uprising can be divided into three stages. The rebels once controlled much of Taiwan. The defeat of Lin Shuangwen's uprising was due to the suppression of Qing government and the dilemma of Zhangquan in Taiwan on the other hand. The third aspect is the self-control of the world society. Because the uprising of Lin Shuangwen belongs to the uprising launched by the Heaven and Earth Association, the regime established by it can also embody the self-control of the Society of Heaven and Earth. Because of the low cultural level of the leaders of the Rebellion, there was confusion and self-styling in the formation of political power. The main means of self-control in the congregation are the association ceremony and the sign of code words, which not only ensure that the members do not reveal the secrets of the meeting, but also ensure that the members do not see through the other when they recognize each other. This is a mechanism of self-protection, and it is the self-awareness of the World and Earth Association in which the concept of loyalty and righteousness restrains the members of the Association morally, while the religious concept makes the heaven and earth have a sense of mystery and impose psychological constraints on the members of the congregation. After the uprising of Lin Shuangwen, there were new changes in the means of communication and propaganda. The first is that the conference is more formal and requires a wooden stamp, flowers, books, etc., which overcomes the problem of the past members passing the meeting privately and freely. A large number of written materials also make the communication of heaven and earth in various places uniform. Second, the political goal of "anti-Qing and restoring Ming" began to be established, effectively transforming regional clan contradictions into Manchu and Han contradictions. The self-awareness of the World Association influences its self-experience and self-control. In turn, its self-experience and self-control also promote the constant renewal and development of the self-knowledge of the Society. In the early days, the Society accumulated more experience through Lin Shuang-wen 's uprising. After the Lin Shuangwen uprising, not only the activities became more concealed, but also its self-control became more perfect.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K249
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