封建时代中西君权神化现象的比较研究

发布时间：2018-07-28 21:34

【摘要】：中国与西欧的封建时代 ,都曾盛行过表面类似、实则相异的君权神化现象。西欧“王权神授”学说与中国“君权天授”理论都视帝王为神命的君主 ,但前者植根于基督教神权政治文化传统 ,强调宇宙唯一的人格神“上帝”对国王终身的“授职” ;后者则基于儒学政治文化传统 ,宣称君主是神命“天子”。但由于其所谓的“天”只是神灵意志、自然规律与道德理性的融合体 ,不仅难以赋予君主以浓厚的“神命”光环 ,而且还包纳着“天命转移”的意蕴。与此相应 ,西欧国王即位的涂油加冕典礼 ,具有鲜明的“王权神授”的政治象征意义 ,成为其取得“神命”身分与地位的合法依据。中国的封禅则是少数帝王以功德告“天” ,并无由神“授职”的严格意义。在西欧 ,王权的充分神化推动了封建君权的形成与发展 ,但也使之受到神权的制约 ,避免了剧烈的政治动荡。而在中国 ,君权神化的不充分 ,既使君权缺乏神权的约束而易于高度集权 ,但却未能使君权托庇于神权 ,由此而常常陷入“大治”与“大乱”交替轮回的政治格局。这些现象 ,无疑是造成中西封建社会不同发展进程的一个重要原因
[Abstract]:In feudal times of China and Western Europe, the phenomenon of monarchy was similar in appearance but different in reality. The doctrine of "Wang Quan" in Western Europe and the theory of "imperial power in heaven" in China both regard emperors as divine monarchs, but the former is rooted in the tradition of Christian theocratic politics and culture. It emphasizes that the only personality god in the universe, "God", gives the king his duty all his life, while the latter, based on the Confucian political and cultural tradition, claims that the monarch is the "son" of God. But because the so-called "heaven" is only the will of the gods, the fusion of natural laws and moral rationality is not only difficult to endow the monarch with a strong aura of "divine fate", but also contains the meaning of "fate transfer". Accordingly, the oiled coronation of the kings of Western Europe has the political symbolic significance of "Wang Quan", and becomes the legal basis for its status and status. China's Feng Zen is a few emperors using merit to sue "heaven", and there is no strict meaning of "conferring" by God. In Western Europe, the full divinity of Wang Quan promoted the formation and development of feudal monarchy, but also restricted it by theocracy and avoided violent political turmoil. However, in China, the divinization of monarchy is not sufficient, even though the monarchy lacks the restriction of theocracy and is easy to centralize power, it fails to make the monarchy protect itself from theocracy, thus it often falls into the political pattern of "great governance" and "chaos" alternately reincarnation. These phenomena are undoubtedly an important reason for the different development processes of the feudal society between China and the West.
【作者单位】：中国人民大学历史系
【分类号】：K207

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