《史记》“世家”历史编纂成就析论——“应另换一副眼光读之”

发布时间：2018-09-06 06:44

【摘要】：《史记》共设有"世家"三十篇,足见其地位之重要。以往有的学者错误地指责司马迁"名实无准","自乱其例",实则是未能究明《史记》世家不同类型篇章所反映的历史特点,司马迁所采用的编纂基本范式,及其对体例的灵活运用。我们读"世家",应当"另换一副眼光",以创新的观点作出新概括。司马迁通过"世家"体裁的创立,一是以其睿思解决了历史编纂所面临的难题,以"编年纪传二体相兼,经纬交织"的方法,彰显了春秋、战国时期各诸侯国历史的盛衰,并且努力刻画齐桓公、楚庄王、赵武灵王等有作为人物的形象。二是运用别识心裁,将孔子和陈涉立为世家,以表彰古代文化伟大代表人物和农民起义英雄的贡献,因而在历史上产生了深远的影响。三是从汉初一批开国文臣武将中,拔出萧何、曹参、张良等人立为世家,肯定他们真正是起到"辅拂股肱"作用的社稷重臣,这样做又与司马迁赞扬汉朝历史进步的"宣汉"立场相一致。
[Abstract]:The Records of the History has 30 articles of the Family, which shows the importance of their status. In the past, some scholars wrongly accused Si Maqian of being "inaccurate in name" and "disorderly in his own way". In fact, he failed to find out the historical characteristics reflected in different types of chapters in the Book of History, and the basic paradigm of compilation adopted by Si Maqian. And its flexible use of style. We should "change our eyes" and generalize from an innovative point of view. Si Maqian, through the creation of the "family" genre, first solved the difficult problems faced by historical compilation with his sagacious thoughts, and showed the rise and fall of the history of the various princes in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period by the method of "making up the two styles of age and intertwining the two styles, and intertwining the longitude and weft". And strive to portray the Duke of Qi, Chuzhuang King, King Zhao Wuling as a figure. The other is to make Confucius and Chen Xuan a family by using different ideas, in recognition of the contributions of the great representatives of ancient culture and the heroes of peasant uprisings, which have had a profound influence in history. Third, from the early Han Dynasty, a group of civil servants and military generals, such as Xiao he, Cao Shen, Zhang Liang, and others, were established as family members, affirming that they were really important officials of the social state who played the role of "auxiliary brushwork." This is in line with Si Maqian's "Xuanhan" position of praising the historical progress of the Han Dynasty.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学历史学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国历史编纂学的演进路径;优良传统和当代价值研究”(09AZS001)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：K204.2

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