宋代临济禅思想的发展演变

发布时间：2017-12-31 20:06

本文关键词：宋代临济禅思想的发展演变　出处：《河北大学》2005年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文研究宋代临济禅发展演变的不同形态以及发展演变的原因。全文分两部分,第一部分从第一章到第六章,主要研究宋代临济禅各阶段的不同形态,以及临济文字禅、临济宗社会文化思想,而以禅法的不同形态为主要研究内容;第二部分是第七章,研究临济禅发展演变的原因。通观宋代临济禅思想的发展演变,一个基本的方向是非常清楚的,即由义玄时期的以禅机为主,逐渐向强调说理、强调行持、强调戒律、强调有一个明确的行持方向演变。禅思想的演变有思想本身发展和社会影响两方面的基本原因。临济禅由义玄禅师创始于唐朝后期,到北宋初已有数代,随着佛教的发展,思想的整合已成为时代的需要。同时,由于唐朝中后期以来社会各方面发生了较大的变化,临济禅需要适当调整才能合于时代的要求。为此善昭在传禅过程之中,增强了禅理论的完善性,根据需要加强了基础教育,采用了大量的“闲家具”。与其调整有关,临济禅向全国迅速扩展。到北宋中期,社会矛盾进一步发展,在当时的禅师言论中,讲到进入“末法时代”的言论明显增加。为适应这种状况,黄龙慧南和杨岐方会禅思想在有明确参禅目标和以理解心方面有了突出的调变,其中以黄龙慧南禅思想较典型。黄龙慧南禅思想的关键在于黄龙三关的运用,因黄龙三关在慧南禅法中运用较多,又有丰富的含义,在弟子中造成对三关的参究。这就给临济禅原以禅机为主的方式带来了新的变化,即在有一个明确的参禅目标方面大大前进了一步。到北宋后期和南宋初,社会问题进一步严重化,从禅的角度而言,对学者的信念等都有一定影响。为在这种情况下谋得发展,大慧宗杲完善了看话禅体系,在解理方面更是达到了空前绝后的程度。同时,临济禅与净土思想结合,使参禅目标更为清晰,方法更为简便。宋时形成的参禅基本方式从宗杲时期直到近代未变,这意味着宗杲时期临济禅基本实现了近代的转型。文字禅在北宋中期取得迅速发展,此后历史上出现的各种文字禅形式相继出现,这主要是宋代文化高度发展的结果,也体现了宋代禅的高度发展。临济禅的社会思想以和谐、追求“解脱”为核心,在此基础上,可以看出还具有从和谐出发讲究顺情达变的特点,其道德伦理思想以维护和谐为基础。慧洪的诗歌及诗歌理论与其禅思想密切相关。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the different forms and reasons of the development of Linji Zen in Song Dynasty. The thesis is divided into two parts: the first part is from Chapter one to Chapter 6th, mainly studying the different forms of each stage of Linji Zen in Song Dynasty. The main contents of the study are the different forms of Zen as well as the social and cultural thoughts of Lingji script and Jizong. The second part is 7th chapter, studying the reasons of the development and evolution of Linji Zen. A basic direction of the development of Linji Zen in Song Dynasty is very clear, that is, from the period of Yi-Xuan to Zen. Gradually to emphasize reasoning, practice, discipline, emphasis on a clear direction of conduct evolution. The evolution of Zen thought has two basic reasons: the development of the thought itself and the social influence. Linji Zen was founded by Yi-Xuan Zen Master in the late Tang Dynasty and has been for several generations since the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty with the development of Buddhism. The integration of ideas has become the need of the times. At the same time, due to the Tang Dynasty since the middle and later period of social changes have taken place. In order to meet the requirements of the times, Zen needs to be adjusted properly. Therefore, in the process of Zen preaching, it strengthens the perfection of Zen theory and strengthens the basic education according to the need. Used a large number of "leisure furniture". Related to its adjustment, Linji Zen to the rapid expansion of the country. By the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the social contradictions further developed, in the then Zen master's speech. In order to adapt to this situation, Huang Lung-hui Nan and Yang Qi-fang 's Zen thoughts have changed significantly in terms of having a clear objective to participate in the meditation and to understand the mind. Huanglong Huinan Zen thought is more typical. The key of Huang long Huinan Zen thought lies in the use of Huanglong San pass, because Huanglong San Guan is used more frequently in Huinan Zen method and has rich meaning. This has brought about a new change in the way Linji Zen was based on Zen, that is, a great step forward in the aspect of having a clear goal to participate in Zen. By the late Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty. Social problems become more serious, from the point of view of Zen, it has a certain impact on scholars' beliefs. In order to achieve development in this situation, Da Hui-zonggao has improved the system of reading and speaking Zen. At the same time, the combination of Linji Zen and Pure Land makes the goal of reference Zen more clear. The method is more convenient. The basic mode of meditation formed in Song Dynasty from Zonggao period to modern times has not changed, which means that Linji Chan in Zonggao period basically realized the transformation of modern times. Writing Zen made rapid development in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. Since then, various Zen forms have appeared in history, which is mainly the result of the high development of Song Dynasty culture. It also reflects the high development of Zen in Song Dynasty. The social thought of Linji Zen regards harmony and the pursuit of "liberation" as the core. On this basis, it can be seen that there are also the characteristics of harmony. His moral and ethical thoughts are based on maintaining harmony. Hui Hong's poetry and poetic theory are closely related to his Zen thought.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：B949.2

【引证文献】