南北朝道教炼丹与化学研究

发布时间：2018-01-14 06:21

本文关键词：南北朝道教炼丹与化学研究　出处：《山东大学》2005年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：南北朝时期,道教经过寇谦之、陆修静、陶弘景等人的改造后,从原来主要流行于民间的原始道团,逐渐成为官方认可的、成熟的宗教。这期间道教炼丹(本文之“炼丹”均指外丹而言,暂不论及内丹)亦因此获得青睐,由原先主要由道士个人或道团内部分散的炼丹实验,一跃成为统治者支持的、由门阀士族参与的炼丹活动。这些炼丹活动不仅对当时的佛、道辩争产生很大影响,而且也震荡了南北朝整个社会的文化、政治氛围。文章通过对南北朝道教炼丹术的探讨,不仅对当时宗教、政治、文化等事项相互缠结在一起的缘由,作了较为深入的分析,而且对那个时期道教炼丹活动中所包含的科学因素、尤其是炼丹典籍中所隐含的一些零散的原始化学资料进行了相对系统的挖掘整理,对道教炼丹在中国古代科学技术中的历史地位,也作了较为中肯的评价。历史是关系的历史,关系是历史的关系。因此,本文亦试图从道教成仙信仰的发展历史进程中,去把握道教炼丹与原始化学的关系,从具体的炼丹发展演变的历史考察出发,了解并阐释它与原始化学乃至处于萌芽状态的整个古代科学之间相互纠缠的关系和历史。基于道教炼丹术是关系到道教史、古代科技史与文献学研究的实际,本文将着重采用比较、分析和考证的方法:第一,从现有的《道藏》入手,对其中收录的炼丹文献在前人考证、分析的基础上,按年代进行甄别,从中择出能够反应南北朝道教炼丹特征的代表事件和文本;第二,借助现有的科学知识和考据学方法,对事件与文本中的一些科学因素、尤其是包含古代化学知识的一些记载作了深入的发掘、考证、分析与阐释;有鉴于“二重证据法”的有效性,我们在对《道藏》中相关文献进行考证的同时,也尽可能地利用正史和出土文物资料,对事件及文本尝试做出符合原貌的解释;第三,注意将南北朝道教与炼丹的发展演变,置于当时宗教、政治的社会背景中作整体的关照;第四,坚持宏、微观结合的方法,在注意宏观把握的同时,也从炼丹仪式、方法、器物、环境以及操作技术等微观层面上作具体的剖析。本文在讨论道教炼丹术与化学的关系时,采用了一个已经为学者证明了的结论,即认为道教与科学有很深的渊源关系:
[Abstract]:During the Southern and Northern dynasties, Taoism after the transformation of Kou Qianzhi, Lu Xiujing, Tao Hongjing, etc., gradually became official recognition from the original popular primitive Taoist groups. Mature religion. During this period, Taoist alchemy ("alchemy" in this article refers to external Dan, temporarily do not discuss the inner Dan) also gained favor by the original Taoist individual or Taoist groups scattered within the alchemy experiment. These activities not only had a great impact on the debate of Buddhism and Taoism at that time, but also shook the culture of the whole society of the Southern and Northern dynasties. Political atmosphere. Through the discussion of Taoist alchemy in the Southern and Northern dynasties, the article not only makes a deep analysis of the reasons why religion, politics, culture and other matters intertwined with each other at that time. And the scientific factors contained in the Taoist alchemy activities in that period, especially some scattered original chemical data hidden in the classical books of alchemy, were excavated and sorted out relatively systematically. The historical position of Taoist alchemy in ancient Chinese science and technology is also evaluated. History is the history of the relationship, and the relationship is the relationship of history. Therefore, this paper also tries to grasp the relationship between Taoist alchemy and primitive chemistry from the historical development process of Taoist immortal belief. Based on the historical investigation of the development and evolution of alchemy, the relationship and history between it and the primitive chemistry and even the whole ancient science in its infancy are explained. Based on the fact that Taoist alchemy is related to the history of Taoism, the history of ancient science and technology and the study of philology, this paper will focus on the methods of comparison, analysis and textual research: first, from the existing "Taoist Collection". On the basis of the previous textual research and analysis of the alchemy literature collected therein, the representative events and texts which can reflect the characteristics of Taoist alchemy in the Southern and Northern dynasties are selected according to the ages. Secondly, with the help of existing scientific knowledge and textual methods, some scientific factors in events and texts, especially some records containing ancient chemical knowledge, are deeply explored, verified, analyzed and interpreted. In view of the validity of "double evidence Law", we also make use of the historical and unearthed cultural relics as much as possible while making textual research on the relevant documents in "Tao Zang". Trying to explain the event and the text in accordance with the original appearance; Third, pay attention to the development and evolution of Taoism and alchemy in the Northern and Southern dynasties, and put them under the social background of religion and politics at that time. In 4th, we insist on the combination of macro and micro, pay attention to macroscopical grasp, at the same time make concrete analysis from ceremony, method, utensil, environment and operation technology of alchemy. In discussing the relationship between Taoist alchemy and chemistry, this paper adopts a conclusion that has been proved by scholars that Taoism and science have a deep relationship:
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K239;B959.2

【引证文献】